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NOVA-SCOTIA 



CONSIDERED 



AS A FIELD FOR EMIGRATION 



4 

BY P. S. HAMILTON, 

Barrister-at-Law (Halifax, Nova-Scotia). 



PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF THE PROVINCIAL 
PARLIAMENT OF NOVA-SCOTIA. 




LONDON: 
JOHN WEALE, 59, HIGH HOLBOEN; 

AND 

CAMBRIDGE : ST. MARY THE GREAT. 

1858. 




1'uhlisln-il In .1. 1>..u-koii .V S. 



LONDON : 
iADBURV AND EVANS. PRINTERS WHITKFRIAR3. 



? 



V 



x 



CONTENTS. 

CONSIDERED ECONOMICALLY. 

PAGE 

Chap. I. Natural Features ...... 5 

1. Geographical Position and Conformation . . 5 

2. Geological Structure « . . . .13 

II. Products and Resources . . . . 17 

1. Agricultural ....... 17 

2. Forests 36 

3. Minerals ....... 41 

4. Fisheries . . . . . . 57 

III. Climate ........ 65 

IV. Manufactures . . . . . . 69 

V. Commerce. ........ 72 

CONSIDERED SOCIALLY. 

Chap. I. Political Institutions . . . . . . 76 

1. Executive and Legislative Bodies . . .76 

2. Judicial . . . . . . . . 77 

II. Educational . . . . . . .79 

III. Population and Religious Denominations . . 82 

IV. Postal Affairs, Roads, Canals, &c. . . .84 

1. Post-Office . 84 

2. Common Roads . . . . . .85 

3. Railroads . . . . . 86 

4. Canals 87 

5. Electric Telegraphs 88 

Conclusion . . . , . . . .89 



The Map of Nova-Scotia which accompanies this work is copied, by 
permission of the Proprietors, from the Map appended to Dawson's 
"Hand-Book of the Geography and Natural History of Nova-Scotia. " 



NOVA-SCOTIA 

CONSIDERED AS A FIELD FOR EMIGRATION. 



INTRODUCTORY. 



At a very early period in the history of Nova-Scotia, an 
impression got abroad concerning the general character of 
the country which has been highly prejudicial to its 
interests, and must have been, at the time that impression 
originated, unjust to its real merits. That impression 
generally was to the effect that Nova-Scotia was an un- 
attractive and valueless country, having rugged and 
inhospitable coasts, a thin and unproductive, soil, and a 
cold, damp, and foggy climate ; but on the shores of which 
a tolerably productive fishery existed, and was carried on 
to a limited extent for the purpose of supplying the West 
India market. This opinion seems to have become 
stereotyped, and, with little variation or addition, has 
been embodied in nearly every work published in the 
United Kingdom, in which a corner has been afforded for 
a description of Nova-Scotia. As but a small number of 
the emigrating class feel disposed to confine themselves 
exclusively to the occupation of fishermen, among those of 
that class who have sought a home on the shores of 
America, during a century past, but a very small pro- 



2 NOVA-SCOTIA. 

portion have thought it advisable to take more than a 
passing glance at Nova-Scotia. 

When an erroneous opinion once becomes widely dis- 
seminated, as in this case, it is extremely difficult to 
confute it ; for the truth itself, when it is heard, is likely 
to be judged by the standard of the opinion previously 
entertained. Such seems to have been the fact in the case 
of Nova-Scotia ; for, although a few writers have of late 
years endeavoured to do justice to the country, still the 
position which it holds in public estimation, as compared 
with the other states and provinces of North America, 
falls far short of that which it merits. There is another 
cause for this, besides the one already alluded to. The 
United States, by means and owing to circumstances 
which it is unnecessary here to particularise, have been 
brought prominently before European eyes, and have 
been maintained in that position ever since the American 
Revolution. The Legislatures of both Canada and New 
Brunswick have, for many years past, made great exertions 
to bring their respective provinces to the favourable notice 
of the public on the other side of the Atlantic, and to 
attract a tide of emigration to their shores. In both of 
those provinces extensive geographical surveys have been 
made at the public expense, for the purpose of ascertain- 
ing the agricultural capabilities and mineral resources of 
the country, and the reports thereupon widely circulated. 
Elaborate reports upon other partially developed resources 
have been, in like manner, prepared and circulated ; and, 
generally speaking, every opportunity has been taken 
advantage of to disseminate information as to the vast 
wealth and numberless attractions of those two fine pro- 
vinces. In each of them, too, a Government Emigration 
Agent has been appointed, whose occupation it is not 
only to guide emigrants in their effort to make an advan- 



NOVA-SCOTIA. 3 

tageous settlement in the province, but to facilitate immi- 
gration, and to spread abroad, to the utmost of their 
power, every information likely to be useful to the 
emigrating classes. In Nova-Scotia the case has been 
quite different. No public surveys have been made ; no 
emigration agent has ever been appointed by the Govern- 
ment ; nor has the local Legislature ever expended any 
funds, or taken any important steps towards conveying 
information abroad concerning it. It may be added with 
regard to Canada, and, in a minor degree, with regard to 
New Brunswick also, that the fact of their having of late 
years been engaged in the construction, on a pretty ex- 
tensive scale, of canals, railways, and other public works, 
for which it has been necessary to procure English 
capital, has had no inconsiderable effect in bringing them 
into more general notice ; for those who invest their 
money in such undertakings naturally inquire into the 
character and capabilities of the country where it is in- 
vested. Until since the commencement of 1855, Nova- 
Scotia may be said never to have been known in the 
English money-market. Even the small province of 
Prince Edward Island is comparatively well known by the 
British public ; and, singularly enough, is by many per- 
sons believed to hold out inducements to the emigrant 
infinitely superior to those of the neighbouring provinces. 
This can be sufficiently accounted for from the fact that 
nearly the whole of that island was for a long time, and 
much of it still is, owned by parties residing in the United 
Kingdom. 

But what in other provinces has been done, in a great 
measure, at the public expense, has been attempted in 
Nova-Scotia by private and unaided individuals. Several 
gentlemen, natives of the province, have, with a vast 
amount of labour, and with but very slight prospect of 

B 2 



4 NOVA-SCOTIA. 

pecuniary reward, unraveled the thread of its history, 
explored its hidden resources, observed the country in all 
its aspects, and have published the results of their re- 
searches ; but the circulation of these works has been 
pretty nearly confined to Nova-Scotia itself. At all events, 
it is believed that little is known concerning them on the 
European side of the Atlantic. The writer of these re- 
marks believes that the publication of a work, embracing, 
in a succinct form, such information concerning the 
province of Nova-Scotia as is most likely to be desired by 
an intending emigrant, would be of great service both to 
that province and to the emigrating class of the United 
Kingdom. With this belief he has prepared the following 
pages, hoping that where a work comprised in so brief a 
form is found insufficient to satisfy the reader's curiosity, 
it may at least lead him to pursue his investigations 
further in the more elaborate and voluminous works which 
have been published on the same subject. 

To those who desire to obtain further information con- 
cerning Nova-Scotia, the author would particularly recom- 
mend a perusal of Haliburton's ' Historical and Statistical 
Account of Nova-Scotia/ a work however which, as the 
country has much improved, and as the local knowledge 
concerning it has greatly increased since 1829, the date of 
the publication of that work, now requires many emenda- 
tions and additions ; Gesner's - Industrial Resources of 
Nova-Scotia/ Dawson's ' Handbook of the Geography and 
Natural History of Nova-Scotia/ and Dawson's ' Acadian 
Geology.' Much valuable knowledge upon the same head 
may also be derived from Montgomery Martin's 'British 
Colonies.' 



NOVA-SCOTIA. 



CONSIDERED ECONOMICALLY. 



CHAPTER I. 

NATURAL FEATURES. 

♦ — 



GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION AND CONFORMATION. 

The geographical position of Nova-Scotia presents ad- 
vantages, in a commercial point of view, which can 
scarcely fail to arrest the attention of any ordinary 
observer, upon glancing at a map of North America. The 
province consists of a peninsula, called Nova-Scotia Proper, 
connected with the remainder of the continent by an 
isthmus of about twelve miles in width between tide 
waters ; and of the island of Cape Breton, separated from 
the peninsula by the Strait of Canso, an outlet of the 
Gulf of St. Lawrence. It lies between North latitude 
43° 25' and 47° 10', and between West longitude 59° 40' 
and 66 c 25'. The whole province forms an irregular parallel- 
ogram, extending in a north-east and south-west direction, 
and is rather more than 350 miles in length, and from 50 
to 100 in breadth. Its area is nearly 18,600 square 
miles, or about 12,000,000 acres ; and of this area Cape 
Breton forms about 2,000,000 acres. 

The whole province is projected out in a south-easterly 
direction into the Atlantic, and beyond the other neigh- 
bouring portions of the continent, to an extent equal to its 



6 NOVA-SCOTIA. 

greatest breadth. It extends about 200 miles farther 
east than any other portion of the North American con- 
tinent, except the inhospitable coast of Labrador ; and 
about 100 miles farther south than any other part of 
the British dominions along the eastern coast of North 
America. It consequently lies in the direct course 
of vessels running between the British Islands or the 
North of Europe, on one side of the Atlantic, and all 
of those parts which lie between the head of the Bay 
of Fundy and Cape Cod, on the other. From these 
facts it is obvious that, so far as mere geographical 
position is concerned, Nova-Scotia must possess great and 
peculiar commercial advantages. That position seems 
naturally to tend to two prominent and very important- 
results, calculated to make the country a permanently 
prosperous one. One of these is, that Nova-Scotia will 
become the great highway for travel between Europe and 
the continent of North America, lying north and west of 
that province. The other result is, that from the position 
which Nova-Scotia occupies relative to the neighbouring- 
provinces of Canada, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward 
Island, it will become the channel through which a very 
considerable portion of their foreign trade will be carried 
on, at all seasons of the year, but more particularly in 
winter, when all the ports of those provinces, with the 
exception of two or three, in the western part of New 
Brunswick, are blocked up with ice and quite inaccessible. 
We shall presently see that other causes are unmistakeably 
tending to the same result. . 

Nova-Scotia is bounded on the north, for the greater part 
of its extent on that side, by the Gulf of St. Lawrence 
and by Northumberland Strait, a channel from ten to 
thirty miles in breadth, separated by Prince Edward 
Island from the principal portion of that gulf ; on the 



NOVA-SCOTIA. 7 

east, south, and south-west, by the Atlantic Ocean ; on the 
north-west, the Bay of Fundy forms the boundary between 
it and New Brunswick, with the exception of the isthmus, 
already mentioned, between the head of the northern 
branch of the bay and Northumberland Strait. The 
province is, in every sense of the word, a well watered 
country : its rivers are numerous ; but owing to the 
comparatively small extent and peninsular form of the 
country, are necessarily small. The Bay of Fundy, which 
is about fifty miles in width at all its mouths, after ex- 
tending a hundred miles inland, is divided into two 
branches. The northern, called Chiegnecto Bay, con- 
tinues to be the boundary between Nova-Scotia and New 
Brunswick, and receives at its head the waters of the 
Macan, Napan, Hibert, and La Planch e Rivers, which 
drain the western part of Cumberland County ; the 
southern of these branches, called at its mouth Minas 
Channel, rapidly narrows to a width of six miles, and 
then suddenly expands into the capacious and beautiful 
Minas Basin, an expanse of water, about forty miles in 
length and nearly twenty in width : its eastern and 
narrowed prolongation being called Cobequid Bay. This 
southern termination of the Bay of Fundy extends into the 
very head of the country. Twenty rivers empty their 
waters into Minas Basin, which, with three or four ex- 
ceptions, are navigable for the ordinary coasting vessels of 
the country, and for distances of from two to twenty 
miles. The principal of these are the Shubenacadie, the 
largest river in the province, and the Avon, from both of 
which an extensive trade is carried on. The only other 
river of importance emptying into the Bay of Fundy, from 
the Nova-Scotia side, is the Annapolis. When near its 
mouth, this river expands into a beautiful sheet of water, 
known as Annapolis Basin, affording anchorage for ships 



b NOVA-SCOTIA. 

of the largest size ; and its waters obtain egress into the 
bay through a narrow and deep channel. 

The other principal rivers in the province are River 
Philip, Wallace, French, Waugh, John, West, Middle, East, 
Barney's, and Antigonish Rivers, emptying into the Gulf 
of St. Lawrence ; the St. Mary's, Musquodoboit, Gold, La 
Have, Port Medway, Liverpool, Jordan, Roseway, Clyde, 
Tusket, and Sissiboo Rivers, emptying into the Atlantic 
Ocean ; and the Mire, Inhabitants, and Margaree, in the 
Island of Cape Breton. The most important of these, as 
to length and navigable capacity, are the East, St. Mary's, 
La Have, and Liverpool Rivers. Nearly all of those 
named are navigable for a short distance from their 
■ mouths. 

An extraordinary and most important natural feature 
of Nova-Scotia consists in the number and excellence of its 
harbours. It is probable that no other country in the 
world is so favoured in this case in proportion to its ex- 
tent ; and its coast line embraces a distance of not less 
than 1000 miles, exclusive of the interior waters of Cape 
Breton. On the coast of the Bay of Fundy indeed, from 
Annapolis basin to the mouth of Minas Channel, there is 
no natural harbour on the Nova-Scotian coast. To remedy 
this deficiency a number of artificial harbours have been 
formed by means of piers, or breakwaters, which are 
being extended, from time to time, to suit the require- 
ments of local traffic. Within the Minas Basin, the 
harbours strictly so called are, for the most part, of such 
a character, owing to the tides, that vessels ground at 
low water. These tides have become widely celebrated 
for their great rise and fall, and for the rapidity of their 
current. An immense body of water enters the Bay of 
Fundy at the flood, setting upwards at the rate of from 
two to five miles an hour. This velocity gradually increases 



NOVA-SCOTIA. 9 

until the tide reaches the narrow entrances of Chiegnecto 
Bay and Minas Basin, when, in the strait leading to the 
latter, it attains a rate of ten miles an hour. The first of 
the flood, as it approaches the narrower and shallower 
terminations of Chiegnecto Bay and Minas Basin, forms 
what is called a bore — a foaming column of water with a 
perpendicular front of from two to six feet in height, 
according as it is formed by a spring, or neap tide — which 
stretches across the channel from shore to shore and rolls 
onward with a tremendous rapidity and a loud rushing 
noise, threatening to overwhelm all before it. Few of the 
phenomena of nature are better calculated for — 

" Charming the eye with dread," 

than this aspect of the coming tide. Although it is some- 
times a cause of unalloyed terror to inexperienced navi- 
gators, on seeing it for the first time, yet accidents 
resulting from it are extremely rare, and the navigation of 
those estuaries and rivers most remarkable for the strength 
of their tides, are not considered at all dangerous by 
persons acquainted with them. 

At the confluence of Chiegnecto and Minas Channels, 
the spring-tide usually rises about fifty feet ; and at the 
mouth of Shubenacadie River, and near the head of 
Cobequid Bay, it attains a height of seventy-five feet at 
spring-tides. The retreating tide lays bare, about the 
termination of these two arms of the Bay of Fundy, 
many thousand acres of hard, red sand-flats with broad 
margins of deep, soft mud immediately adjoining the 
drier land. 

The most northern harbour on the Gulf of St. Lawrence 
is that of Pugwash, where the largest merchant ships ma} r 
enter a secure basin and lie afloat within a few yards of 
the shore. It may be observed here that the coast of the 



10 NOVA-SCOTIA. 

gulf, unlike that of the Bay of Fundy, is but little affected 
by the tides. These, as we have already seen, rise in the 
bay to a height of from fifty to seventy-five feet ; whilst 
in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, owing to its narrow entrances, 
they do not usually exceed eight or ten feet. Wallace 
Bay forms a good harbour for large ships near its mouth, 
and small vessels may proceed several miles up the river. 
The same may be said of Tatamagouche Bay. Pictou 
harbour is safe and capacious, and furnishes accommoda- 
tion for the largest merchant ships. It is formed by the 
confluence of the East, Middle, and West Rivers, the first 
and the last of which are navigable for several miles. 
Merigomish furnishes the only good natural harbour 
between Pictou and Cape St. George ; but Arisaig pier 
has been erected at considerable expense for the pro- 
tection of coasters. Between Cape St. George and the 
Strait of Canso, we find the harbours of Antigonish, 
Pomket, Tracadie, and Au Bouche, of which Pomket is 
capable of accommodating ships of any class, the others 
only available for small vessels. 

But it is on its Atlantic coast that Nova-Scotia becomes 
more particularly remarkable for its numerous and capa- 
cious harbours. First in importance among these is 
Halifax Harbour, or rather Chebucto Bay, which em- 
braces Halifax Harbour, and also the north-west arm and 
Bedford Basin. It is celebrated as one of the best 
harbours in America, or even in the world, being easy 
of access for ships of every class, very capacious, and 
affording protection from every wind. Immediately 
above the city of Halifax, the bay, having narrowed 
considerably, suddenly expands into Bedford Basin, a 
sheet of water embracing an area of from eight to ten 
square miles, completely shut in from the sea, affording 
good anchorage throughout its whole extent, with from 



NOVA-SCOTIA. 11 

four to thirty fathoms of water, and protected by sur- 
rounding hills from every wind. The north-west arm, 
a narrow inlet which bounds the city of Halifax in the 
rear, is navigable throughout, and, for a distance of three 
miles, affords safe anchorage in from ten to twenty 
fathoms of water. 

Westward of Halifax the coast is indented by two 
deep bays, known as Margaret's Bay and Mali one Bay, 
and which are very similar in their general characters. 
Each of them is studded with a number of islands having 
deep water and good anchorage between, and, with its 
numerous coves and indentations, forms in fact a varied 
and continued harbour many miles in extent, and afford- 
ing, in most parts, ample room and protection for first 
class ships. At the head of Margaret's Bay is a harbour 
where a large fleet might ride out a hurricane with 
perfect safety.* 

Besides those already described, the following harbours 
lying between the mouth of the Bay of Fundy and the Strait 
of Canso, a distance of a little more than 300 miles, are 
sufficiently easy of access, capacious, and secure for first 
class ships, viz. : Westport, Pubnico, Shelburne, Port 
Monton, Lunenburg, Owl's Head, Ship, Spry, Sheet, 
Beaver, Marie Joseph, Liscomb, Country, Whitehaven, 
Canso, and Crow Harbours. In addition to these, there 
are, within the same extent of coast, forty other harbours 
of inferior capacity, the most of which are, however, 
available for ships of five hundred tons. Among those 
of the better class, Shelburne, Ship, and Country Harbours, 
and Whitehaven, are pre-eminently excellent, f 

The island of Cape Breton is scarcely, if at all, behind 
Nova-Scotia Proper in the number and capacity of its 
harbours. Among those of the first class, Port Hood, 

* Blunt's American Coast Pilot, f Ibid. 



12 - NOVA-SCOTIA. 

St. Anne's, Great *Bras d'Or, Sydney, Louisburg, and 
Arichat, are more particularly deserving of mention. 
The most singular geographical peculiarity of this island 
is the existence of a salt-water lake, or small inland sea, 
called the Bras d'Or Lake, which occupies the central 
portion of the island, and nearly divides it into two. 
This lake is entered from the east by two channels 
separated by Boulardarie Island, and known as the Great 
and Little Bras d'Or. After extending inland for a 
distance of about thirty miles these two channels unite, 
and expand into a basin called Le Petit Bras d'Or. From 
this, the tide flows southwardly through the Straits of 
Barra into the main body of water known variously as Le 
Grand Bras d'Or, the Big Bras d'Or, the Bras d'Or Lake, 
or simply the Bras d'Or. The greatest length of this 
lake is about forty, and its greatest breadth twenty miles ; 
and its whole area, along with that of the channels lead- 
ing to it, and the various inlets which branch off from 
them, may be fairly estimated at 500 square miles. 
This body of water is navigable throughout, its greatest 
depth being rather more than sixty fathoms ; and the 
Great Bras d'Or Channel, the lake itself, and most of 
the bays and inlets leading from it, are navigable for 
vessels of the largest class. 

The Strait of Canso, which separates Cape Breton from 
Nova-Scotia Proper, extends in length eighteen miles, its 
breadth varying from half a mile to a mile and a half, 
with from fourteen to thirty fathoms of water ; and com- 
prises several harbours with good anchorage. This strait 
is the great marine highway for vessels running between 
the Gulf of St. Lawrence and all of the American coast 
lying west of its southern termination. It is also the 
most frequented channel of communication between 
Europe and the gulf coasts of Nova-Scotia and New 



NOVA-SCOTIA. 1 3 

Brunswick ; whilst ships bound up the river St. Lawrence 
from the eastern side of the Atlantic, often prefer it to 
the more dangerous route north of Cape Breton. 



GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE. 

The rocks which immediately underlie the soil of Nova- 
Scotia belong, for the most part, to the older systems. 
Speaking in general terms as to the relative positions of 
these systems, as they appear upon the surface in Nova 
Scotia, it may be observed, that the older and less destruc- 
tible rocks occupy the line of the Atlantic coast, and form 
a protection to the newer formations which lie in the inte- 
rior and northern parts of the province. This Atlantic 
coast is formed, for the most part, of the older metamorphic 
rocks, consisting of gneiss, quartzite, and clay slate, in its 
original form as such, and now in its highly metamorphosed 
varieties of mica, talcose, chloritic, and hornblendic slates. 
It is traversed and perforated by great dikes and masses 
of granite, which occupy a very considerable portion of 
the surface of this district. The rocks of this class occupy, 
with the exception, probably, of the carboniferous system, 
a larger area of the surface of Nova-Scotia than those of 
any other system. As already observed, it forms the 
whole Atlantic coast of Nova-Scotia Proper. It attains a 
width, at its northern extremity, of about fifty miles ; but 
gradually narrows as we follow it eastward, until it almost 
comes to a point at its termination about Cape Canso. 
The lands in this district are, for the most part, of incon- 
siderable elevation. Its greatest eminences are a bold, 
isolated-looking promontory, of 500 feet in height, between 
Margaret's and Mahone Bays, called Aspotogoen, a well- 
known landmark to ships approaching the coast, and 
Ardoise Hill, immediately in the rear of that promontory, 



14 NOVA-SCOTIA. 

and near Windsor, which attains a somewhat greater 
elevation. 

The next group of rocks, in ascending order, which the 
geological structure of Nova-Scotia presents, has been 
but partially explored as yet ; but it is collectively classed 
by geologists as of the Devonian and Upper Silurian for- 
mations. Associated with the rocks of these formations 
are found immense masses and ridges, composed of syenite, 
porphyry, greenstone, compact felspar, and other igneous 
rocks. This group of rocks forms a number of detached 
ridges in various parts of Nova-Scotia. One of these, in 
the western part of the province, extends along the 
northern margin of the older metamorphic rocks, from the 
most western coast, at the mouth of St. Mary's Bay, along 
the southern side of the Annapolis River, to the immediate 
vicinity of Minas Basin. It also composes the Cobequid 
hills, which separate the Minas Channel and Basin from 
Chiegnecto Bay. This ridge extends from Cape Chiegnecto, 
the point of bifurcation of the Bay of Fundy, eastwardly, 
through Northern Colchester and Southern Cumberland, 
to the western borders of Pictou County. The most 
elevated lands in the province are found in this ridge, but 
no parts of it exceed a height of 1200 feet. Another 
range of hills, of like formation, extends from the neigh- 
bourhood of the Stewiacke River, about the southern bor- 
ders of Colchester County, eastward, across the southern 
part of Pictou County, when it separates into two branches, 
one of which extends northwardly to Cape George, in the 
Gulf of St. Lawrence, whilst the other continues nearty 
due east to Cape Porcupine, on the Strait of Canso. The 
rocks of this group also occupy a large portion of the 
island of Cape Breton, but there they are much broken 
up, and, as to geographical position, of a more detached 
and fragmentary character than upon the main land. 



NOVA-SCOTIA. 1 5 

They form a band along the south-eastern coast, from St. 
Peter's to Scattari Island ; and all that portion of Victoria 
and Inverness Counties which lies north of St. Anne's, 
although but imperfectly known, is believed to belong to 
the same group. A number of isolated, and not exten- 
sive ridges, in the north-western part of the island, and 
between the various arms and inlets of the Bras d'Or, also 
belong to these formations. 

All that part of Nova-Scotia lying north of the older 
metamorphic district, first described, and east of the 
western extremity of Minas Basin, which is not occupied 
by the elevated ridges of the Devonian and Silurian for- 
mations, belongs, with some inconsiderable exceptions, to 
be noticed presently, to the carboniferous system. This 
district, the rocks of which are found to rest immediately 
upon those of the Devonian and Silurian formations, just 
mentioned, occupies a large area, comprising a small strip 
of the eastern part of the King's County, the northern 
and middle portions of Hants, the middle of Colchester, 
extending on both sides of Cobequid Bay and Minas 
Basin, all the northern and middle part of Cumberland 
and Pictou, a triangular portion of Sydney County, bounded 
on the north-east by St. George's Bay, a narrow strip, 
extending east and west through Guysborough County, 
and the principal part of the island of Cape Breton, more 
particularly of the south-western, middle, and eastern 
sections. This district has been comparatively well ex- 
plored by several eminent geologists, and its limits are 
pretty accurately defined. At several localities, it affords 
excellent opportunities to the geologist of examining the 
character and relative position of the various carboniferous 
rocks where transverse sections of them are exposed on 
the sea coasts and river banks. The shores of Cumber- 
land Bay, at a place called the Joggins, have become 



16 NOVA-SCOTIA. 

especially celebrated in the scientific world for the almost 
unparalleled facilities in this way which they afford. 

Immediately above the carboniferous rocks, and lying 
uncomfortably upon them, is the new red sandstone. The 
rocks of this formation are of but very limited extent in 
Nova-Scotia. They are supposed to be contemporary in 
their origin with the Permian formation of European 
geologists. They form a narrow and well defined strip, 
extending through the northern parts of the coun- 
ties of Digby, Annapolis, and King's, from the head 
of St. Mary's Bay to Minas Basin, and comprising the 
valley of the Annapolis River. Here it is associated 
with the trap, which forms a lofty ridge, known as the 
North Mountain, extending from the western point of 
Brier Island, along the shore of the Bay of Fundy, to Cape 
Blomidon, on Minas Basin, and is interrupted only by the 
navigable channels known as Grand Passage (Westport), 
Petit Passage, and Annapolis Gut. A new red sandstone 
again makes its appearance in a narrow strip along the 
north shore, at the head, and in a few headlands on the 
south shore, of Cobequid Bay. It is in this quarter that 
its contact with the carboniferous rocks can be most easily 
observed. At Five Islands, near the western termination 
of the new red sandstone in this direction, it is again 
found associated with trap, which here, and at several 
other bold headlands on the north side of Minas Channel, 
seems to be part of the same formation as the North 
Mountain, already mentioned. 

Notwithstanding the statements to the contrary in 
several published — but not very recently published— 
sketches of the geology of Nova-Scotia, there seem to be 
no stratified rocks in that province of a more recent for- 
mation than the new red sandstone just mentioned/" 

* For the geological facts contained in this section the author i3 



NOVA-SCOTIA. 17 

As already observed, none of the lands of Nova-Scotia 
attain a greater elevation than 1200 feet ; consequently, 
the natural scenery never assumes that quality of grandeur 
which is peculiar to mountainous regions. The highest 
lands are formed by the syenitic and porphyritic ridges 
associated with the later metamorphic formations, and by 
the trap rocks which skirt the shores of Bay of Fundy. 
The remainder of the province is of moderate elevation, 
and gently undulating in its surface. The natural scenery 
of most parts of the province, with the exception of some 
districts of the Atlantic coast, may be classed as decidedly 
picturesque ; whilst in several places, as, for instance, 
around the Bras d'Or, on the Strait of Canso, the more 
western shores of Minas Basin and Channel, and those of 
Digby Neck, Long, and Briar Islands, it approaches the 
grand in character. 



CHAPTER II. 

PRODUCTS AKD RESOURCES. 
AGKICULTURAL CAPABILITIES. 



As is to be expected in a country presenting so great a 
variety of rock formations in its geological substratum, 
the soils of Nova-Scotia vary much in quality. The least 
valuable portions of the province, in an agricultural point 
of view, are those which lie along the Atlantic coast ; and 
which, as was seen by the geological sketch above, contain 
its oldest rocks. In some parts of this district, for several 

indebted mainly to the recently published and excellent work of 
J. W. Dawson, Esq., of Pictou, now President of McGill College, 
Montreal, entitled " Acadian Geology." 



18 NOVA-SCOTIA. 

miles in extent, fields of solid granite, quartzite, or mica 
slate, may be seen quite exposed upon the surface, or 
covered only by mosses, lichens, and diminutive shrubs. 
Owing to their exposed situation, and to the powerful 
action of rain, frost, and heat, in rapid succession, upon 
their surfaces, the rocks in this district are being decomposed 
gradually, but with a rapidity unknown in most other 
parts of the world. Owing to this cause we find, inter- 
spersed through this rocky country, tracts of good soil, 
usually small as to individual extent, but amounting to a 
large area in the aggregate. The bad reputation which it 
has obtained has prevented most persons from inquiring 
into the agricultural capabilities of this district ; and it is 
not improbable that it contains more good land than is 
generally believed. But it is also not improbable that 
such causes will continue to operate against its occupation 
by agriculturists, until most of the good lands are occupied 
in those sections of the province more favoured by 
nature. 

There are tracts of excellent land along the margin of 
many of the rivers which traverse this district. On 
receding from the shore, the soil greatly improves, owing 
probably to the greater prevalence of clay slate in the under- 
lying rocks ; and in the northern districts of all those 
counties which front upon the Atlantic, it. is of a good 
quality and amply repays the labours of the farmer. 
The county of Halifax, with the exception of the beautiful 
and fertile valley along the upper part of the Musquo- 
cloboit River, belongs to the granitic district ; and it con- 
tains a greater proportion of rocky and unproductive soil 
than any other county in the province. This fact alone 
has been highly prejudicial to the interests of the colony, 
for many persons who have made a transitory visit to the 
capital of the province, and who have seen the inhospitable 



NOVA-SCOTIA. 1 9 

nature of the country which surrounds it, have allowed 
themselves to carry away the impression that the whole 
province partook of the same character, and have conveyed 
that impression to numbers of others who had no means of 
judging for themselves. 

The soil of Lunenburg, which lies next to Halifax 
County on the west, although generally stony, is for the 
most part of a good quality ; and many flourishing agri- 
cultural settlements are scattered over the county. This 
is the third county in the province in population, according 
to the census of. 1851 ; and out of 3630 adult males in 
the county at that time, 3018 were farmers. Halifax 
market is mostly supplied with vegetables from this 
county ; which, with its numerous rivers, bays, and 
harbours, possesses abundant facilities for transportation. 
The scenery of Mahone Bay, with its almost innumerable 
wooded islands, is widely celebrated for its picturesque 
beauty, and is perhaps unsurpassed in that respect by any 
spot on the American coast. 

In Queen's Count?/ the land, for some distance back from 
the shore, is principally of an unproductive character ; 
but it improves very much as it recedes into the interior. 
In the northern part of the county there are large and 
rapidly extending agricultural settlements. 

In Shelburne County, the comparatively barren shore- 
band seems to widen and extend somewhat farther back 
than in Queen's County ; but here too there are tracts of 
valuable land in the rear of the county. The population 
however is, as yet, almost confined to the vicinity of the 
shore, and is engaged more in the fisheries than in agricul- 
tural pursuits, there being a smaller number of farmers in 
this county than in any other in the province. 

The soil of Yarmouth County is of the same general 
character as that which we find in Lunenburg, and in the 

c 2 



20 ^OVA-SCOTIA. 

northern parts of Queen's and Shelburne Counties. The 
upland soil is pretty nearly of a uniform quality 
throughout this county ; and, owing to the higher average 
temperature of the climate compared with that of most 
other agricultural districts of the province, is capable, 
under good cultivation, of yielding highly remunerative 
returns to the husbandman.* This county exceeds all the 
others along the southern coast in the extent of the dyked 
marsh lands, which lie along the shores of its many 
harbours and inlets. This marsh is, however, insignificant 
in quantity and inferior in quality when compared with 
that of counties which lie along the Bay of Fundy and 
its tributaries. 

The whole of this Atlantic coast district — including the 
southern half of the county of Guysborough, which is 
very similar in every respect to Halifax County — presents 
many attractions for the farmer, although not usually 
represented as a valuable agricultural district. The land 
of good quality in this district is frequently stony and 
somewhat difficult to clear up and put under cultivation 
in the first instance ; but when once it has been brought 
to that stage, it is more easy and less expensive to keep 
it in good condition than many of the more highly 
extolled soils of the interior counties, owing to the more 
porous substrata of the latter. Lime, the ingredient 
which it most requires, can be procured from teds found 
at the head of Mahone Bay and Margaret's Bay, and on 

* The following paragraph from the " Yarmouth Herald " of October 
18th, 1855, may give some idea of the capabilities of ordinary upland 
soil in this county when well tilled : — 

"Produce of an acre. — Mr. Leonard Dennis, of Carleton, in this 
township, has raised the present season, from one acre of ground, the 
following crop : — 6 tons pumpkins, 14,000 ears of corn, 3^ bushels 
shelled beans, 4 bushels do. peas, 1 bushels do. corn, 5 bushels carrots, 
5 bushels turnips. Mr. Dennis has realised from the produce of this 
acre upwards of £80." 



NOVA-SCOTIA. 21 

both shores of the Strait of Canso, and conveyed by water 
to any part of the coast at an expense which, if the traffic 
became a regular one, would make its use highly remunera- 
tive to the farmer. When the Shubenacadie canal, now 
in course of construction, is completed, still greater 
facilities will be afforded the shore counties in this way ; 
and lime to any extent, and at but trifling cost, can be 
procured from the inexhaustible beds on the Shuben- 
acadie River and its tributaries. Another great advantage 
which the agricultural district of the Atlantic coast 
possesses, is its facilities, by means of superior water 
communication for transporting its products to the best 
markets, cheaply, easily, and at all seasons of the year. 
Mention has already been made of its rivers and harbours. 
It may not be amiss here to add, that this district is pro- 
fusely dotted with small lakes. The most of these 
indeed, although they present great charms to the lover of 
pretty scenery, have few attractions in an economical 
point of view ; but others are of material service as high- 
ways through the interior of the country. The largest of 
these is Lake Rossignol, in Queen's County, a beautiful 
sheet of water some twenty miles in length by four in 
breadth, and, like most other Nova-Scotian lakes, profusely 
studded with green bower-like islets. The whole Atlantic 
coast district of Nova-Scotia compares favourably with 
extensive sections of the eastern United States, which, by 
cultivation, have acquired a high reputation as agricultural 
countries. 

On pursuing our investigations into the northern section 
of the province, we find land, for the most part, very 
different from that in the shore counties. Commencing 
with Digby, we find that this difference is, as yet, not very 
perceptible. The rocks which underlie the soil of the 
greater part of this county, although not the same as 



22 NOVA-SCOTIA. 

those of Yarmouth, are yet very similar ; and the soil 
itself, of all that part of the county which lies south-east 
of St. Mary's Bay, bears a like similarity to that of Yar- 
mouth. The small portions of the county which remain, 
are of a different kind of soil, which is, for the most part, 
highly fertile when once brought under cultivation. 

Annapolis and King's Counties are so very similar in their 
character, that they may be considered together. They 
are, with scarcely any exception, highly fertile throughout 
their whole extent ; but afford many varieties of soil cor- 
responding to the rock formations which underlie them. 
Fronting on the bay shore, the ridge of highlands already 
mentioned as the North Mountain, stretches along the 
whole north-western limit of the two counties. The soil 
upon these hills, composed of disintegrated trap, possesses 
all the elements of fertility ; and accordingly this land, 
wherever it has been stripped of the luxuriant forests 
which grow upon it, yields the farmer a rich reward for 
his labours. Next to this, and about equal to it in extent, 
lies another broad strip of light and mellow but very fertile 
soil, based upon the new red sandstone formation. This 
forms the rich and beautiful valley which is drained towards 
the west by the Annapolis River and its branches ; and 
towards the east by the Cornwallis, Canard, Habitant, and 
Pereau — the oldest settled and most highly cultivated 
region in Nova-Scotia. Lying next to this again, and form- 
ing the south-eastern portion of the two counties, is an 
extensive tract of which the soil, based upon the clay slate 
with occasional ridges of igneous rocks, is very similar to 
that of northern Queen's County. A great portion of 
this tract is still covered with luxuriant forest ; but the 
land, although in some few localities too broken and rocky 
for cultivation, wherever cleared, has proved itself to 
be of good quality. In both of these counties, but more 



IS T 0YA-SC0TIA. 23 

particularly in King's County, there are large tracts of the 
marine alluvium known as marsh, the most valuable descrip- 
tion of soil in the province. The Grand Pre, in Horton, 
forms the largest unbroken expanse of marsh in Nova- 
Scotia. The light, loamy soil of the great valley, already 
mentioned, which stretches across these two counties, seems 
particularly adapted to the growth of root crops, great 
quantities of which, especially of potatoes, are there culti- 
vated. In King's County alone, 574,692 bushels of pota- 
toes were raised in 1851 ; and the crop has considerably 
increased with each succeeding year since then. Large 
quantities of fruit — apples, plums, and pears — are also 
raised in these counties, for home consumption and for 
exportation to New Brunswick and the United States. It 
does not appear, however, that they have any peculiar 
natural adaptability in this way ; for in most parts of the 
province, fruits of the kinds mentioned can, with ordinary 
care and attention, be raised in profusion. 

The whole of Hants County, with the exception of some 
inconsiderable tracts in the south-eastern part, possesses a 
good soil. Owing to this county's lying mostly in the 
carboniferous district, there is less variety in the nature of 
its soils than in .those of the last two described. It stands 
high as an agricultural county, and much of its cultivated 
lands is proved to be in the highest degree fertile. Windsor 
is among the oldest settlements of the province ; and much 
of the land in that vicinity is in a very high state of cul- 
tivation. This county also contains much excellent marsh 
land along the numerous rivers which intersect it. The 
Halifax and Windsor railway, now in course of construc- 
tion, will open up a considerable tract of land in the 
southern part of Hants, now covered with forest ; besides 
greatly adding to the value of the soil in other parts of 
the county. 



24 NOVA-SCOTIA. 

Colchester, another large agricultural county, possesses 
a greater variety of soil than Hants ; but this variety 
exists in its constituents rather than in its quality. There 
is a broad carboniferous valley, forming the central portion 
of the county, with deep, loamy, or gravelly uplands, and 
extensive alluvial tracts of marsh and intervale. The 
northern part of the county is occupied by the chain of 
the Cobequid Hills, already described as of the later meta- 
morphic formation ; whilst some spurs from a similar chain 
extend into the south-eastern part. These hills, when 
stripped of the dense, hardwood forests with which the 
new settler finds them clothed, are found to possess a soil 
of the highest fertility, and, with the exception of occa- 
sional spots of stony ground, easy of cultivation. Some 
of the most flourishing, exclusively agricultural settlements 
in the province are to be found on these hills. Colchester 
contains a greater extent of intervale than any other 
county of the province. This term intervale, it may be 
necessary to observe, is applied to the expanses of flat, 
alluvial soil, formed by the deposits of brooks and rivers 
before they reach tide waters. Where the sea tides have 
been mainly instrumental in depositing the alluvial soil, it 
is called marsh. The name meadow is applied, in Nova- 
Scotia, only to a more recent deposit of fresh water allu- 
vium, forming flats of wet soil, in its natural state destitute 
of trees, but covered with a long coarse grass. " In every 
instance that has come under the author's personal obser- 
vation, and, he believes, in all cases, these meadows have 
been formed by beaver dams ; and they are the only ves- 
tiges now remaining in Nova-Scotia of an animal that 
once existed there in great numbers. The soil of the 
intervale just mentioned is a very fertile clayey loam ; 
and it is by many farmers preferred to the usually more 
expensive marsh land. That portion of Colchester which 



NOVA-SCOTIA. 25 

lies north of the Cobequid Hills, is similar in soil to that 
part of Cumberland which adjoins it, 

Cumberland, in its southern part, embraces a large por- 
tion of those elevated lands known as the Cobequid Hills, 
the general character of which, in an agricultural point of 
view, has already been briefly described. It need only be 
added, that towards the western termination of this range, 
where it is embraced on both sides by the county of Cum- 
berland, the land becomes more stony than in some of its 
more eastern sections. The central portion of this county 
is composed of lands of fair average quality, becoming 
generally more light and sandy as we travel northwards. 
Around the head of Cumberland Basin, and along the 
rivers Hebert, Maccan, Napan, and La Planche, which 
empty into it, are extensive tracts of fine marsh, of which 
valuable description of land, Cumberland contains nearly 
as much as any other three counties in the province ; but 
whether from natural inferiority of soil, or less skilful 
cultivation, the Cumberland marshes are not quite so pro- 
ductive as some of those which border upon the basin of 
Minas and its tributary streams. The eastern part of the 
county of Cumberland, bordering upon Northumberland 
Strait, consists for the most part of a deep loamy soil, 
probably unsurpassed in fertility by any upland soil in the 
province. 

Pictou and Sydney Counties are so very similar in 
their agricultural capabilities that they may be considered 
together. In no considerable portions of these two fine 
counties, is the soil of an inferior description. In those 
portions of them geologically described as the carbonife- 
rous, sections, the uplands afford a good soil of nearly 
uniform quality, whilst the intervales, which are extensive, 
are similar to land of the same description in other parts 
of the province. The highlands which, as already shown 



26 NOVA-SCOTIA. 

in our geological description, intersect these two counties, 
furnish soil of more varied quality. In some few localities 
it is so stony or rocky, as to be extremely difficult, if not 
even impossible of cultivation ; but for the most part the 
soil of these highlands is of first-rate quality, and is con- 
sidered the best land in that section of the country. 
Pictou is, for Nova-Scotia, a thickly settled country ; 
and, from the quantities of the most valuable agricultural 
products which it has of late years produced, may be 
regarded as, at the present time, the first agricultural 
county in the province. Sydney also, in proportion to its 
extent, occupies, a high rank in this respect. 

The southern half of Guyshorough County has already 
been described as very similar to Halifax County. Its 
northern part contains much excellent soil ; although in 
some places the land is too strong to be profitably cul- 
tivated. There are some fine tracts of alluvial soil along 
the rivers of this county ; and it contains several 
flourishing agricultural settlements, particularly on the 
Manchester River and the upper banks of the St. Mary's. 

The Island of Cape Breton has, in the quality of its 
soil, as in many other advantages which it possesses, been 
highly favoured by nature. The north-western half 
of the island, comprising the principal portions of Inverness 
and Victoria Counties, is generally much more elevated 
than the remainder, which, particularly on the Atlantic 
coast, is flat, or but slightly undulating. At some locali- 
ties on this south-eastern coast, forming parts of Cape 
Breton and Richmond Counties, the land is barren and 
rocky. Some parts of the imperfectly explored highlands 
in the northern sections of Inverness and Victoria, are 
said to be of the same character. But these may be con- 
sidered as exceptional spots, small in extent when 
compared with the large tracts of good land comprised in 



NOVA-SCOTIA. 27 

this island. The whole interior, with all the shores of the 
great Bras d'Or Lake and the many inlets which branch 
from it, is composed of excellent soil ; and the middle and 
southern portions of Inverness form a large, uninterrupted 
extent of land highly fertile, and of nearly uniform 
quality. This county, although its settlements are mostly 
of very recent origin, is already one of the first agricul- 
tural counties of the province. The soil throughout the 
island generally is of a description very similar to that 
of Pictou and Sydney Counties ; and like those two 
counties, Cape Breton, with the exception of some small 
tracts in Inverness, contains no marsh land. 



The agricultural products which are, or may be 
profitably cultivated in Nova-Scotia, are the same as 
those of Great Britain, Canada, and the Northern States 
of America, As may be inferred from what has already 
been said, it has greater diversity of soil and of other 
conditions favourable to the growth of any particular 
kind of crop than most countries of the same extent. 
Something may be said, then, of the special adaptability of 
certain sections of the province to the growth of certain 
kinds of crops. Still, classifications of this kind are to be 
made with caution for two reasons ; first, because the 
country being really small, those diversities are absolutely 
not very great ; and secondly, because the agricultural 
capabilities of very few sections of the province — perhaps 
of none — have been thoroughly tested. As a general 
rule, the lands have been tilled in too slovenly and 
improvident a manner. The cheapness of the land itself 
has been one great and perhaps the principal cause 
of this. The course too often pursued has been something- 
like the following. The farmer, on first " clearing up " 



28 NOVA-SCOTIA. 

his " new land/' has found it to yield an abundant crop 
of whatever grain or vegetable he has chosen to plant 
upon it, for several years in succession, without any other 
expense than merely that of putting the seed in the 
ground and gathering the crop when it has ripened. 
When the land, in consequence of this treatment, has 
begun to fail, instead of skilfully tilling and properly 
manuring what is already under cultivation, he has 
preferred clearing up more, and depending a few years 
longer upon its natural fertility. A constant repetition of 
this process is, of course, found inconvenient, or even 
impossible, after a time ; but the effects of this habit, as 
well as the habit itself in a great measure, are long 
apparent. The farmer trusts still to what remaining 
virtue the soil may naturally possess, and to the chance of. 
favourable seasons, rather than to skilful tilling and the 
application of scientific knowledge to his pursuit. Then, 
finding that one species of crop fails him, instead of 
endeavouring to bring the land back to a condition to 
bear that particular species abundantly, he gives it up, in 
a great measure, as no longer practicable of cultivation, 
and gives his attention to the growing of other crops which 
the land will still produce. Or he spreads his labours 
and his means over a large extent of ground, vainly 
endeavouring to realise that profit from the quantity of 
land cultivated which he might, but does not, derive from 
its good quality. It is true, that of late years Nova- 
Scotian agriculturists have begun to see their error in this 
respect ; and, in many parts of the country, a more 
improved and scientific method of farming is commencing ; 
but still the old error prevails to too great an extent, and 
has been sufficient to injure the reputation of some 
naturally valuable tracts of land. For instance, many 
fine farms in the interior are reputed to be incapable of 



NOVA-SCOTIA. 29 

producing wheat — a species of grain which grows abun- 
dantly upon " new lands " in all the interior counties — 
when it is obvious that an improved cultivation is all that 
is required to insure good crops of that grain. Another 
result of the cheapness of land has been that land of a 
comparatively inferior description, or supposed to be so, 
has been, in most instances, condemned without a fair 
trial and decreed far below its merit. From these few 
observations it will be seen, that when we judge of the 
capabilities of any section of the country to produce a 
particular crop from what it has already produced, 
our judgment must be liberal in favour of those capabili- 
ties. The accompanying table, taken from the census 
returns of 1851, showing the quantity of live stock, the 
amount of the various agricultural and dairy products, of 
each county, will enable the reader to form some idea of 
the relative capabilities of those counties. It is necessary 
to make some remarks with reference to that table. The 
total amount of various products shown by it is not to be 
considered as a statement of the annual amount of those 
products, at the present time (1857). Great progress has 
been made in all the agricultural settlements of the 
province since the census of 1851 was taken, in the 
amount of produce raised, and in all that relates to 
agricultural pursuits. In order to account for the pro- 
portionably small quantity of wheat raised, as appears by 
that table, it is necessary to observe that, for several 
years previous to 1851, the wheat crop of the province 
had been almost totally destroyed by a species of worm, 
popularly known as the " weevil," to the periodical visits 
of which all the wheat-growing countries of North 
America are subject ; and the little wheat that was sown 
that year was sown more by way of experiment than 
with any decided hope of a profitable return. 



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NOVA-SCOTIA/ 81 

Wheat crops do not succeed well upon the Atlantic 
coast, owing mainly, it is believed, to the prevalence of 
fog in that part of the country during some stages of its 
growth ; but it grows and produces well in most parts of 
the interior where the land has not been exhausted from 
over-cropping. If any parts of that interior are entitled 
to a preference with a view to raising this valuable crop, 
they are the eastern section of Cumberland, the highlands 
of Colchester, the counties of Pictou, Sydney, and Inver- 
ness. Oats, barley, rye, and buckwheat may be raised in 
abundance and at comparatively trifling cost in all 
cultivable parts of the province. Indian corn, which is 
so very profitable to the farmer where it does grow well, 
can be cultivated with success in all parts of the interior ; 
but the light warm soil and sheltered situation of the 
lands in the valley of Annapolis and King's Counties 
renders them particularly favourable for its growth. 
Potatoes and root crops of every description succeed well 
everywhere. The j)otatoes of Nova-Scotia are very highly 
esteemed in the United States markets, to which large 
quantities of them have been exported of late years. 
They are produced in the greatest abundance in the 
dry alluvial valleys of Annapolis, King's, Hants, and 
Colchester. 

As a grazing country, Nova-Scotia, considering its extent, 
probably stands unrivalled among the provinces and states 
of the eastern part of North America. Rearing live stock 
and keeping a dairy has long been considered a parti- 
cularly profitable business in every part of the province, 
notwithstanding that until late years little pains have 
been taken to introduce the most approved and profitable 
breeds of cattle into the country. All the interior coun- 
ties, from Annapolis to Inverness inclusive, together with 
many parts of those on the Atlantic coast, are admirably 



32 NOVA-SCOTIA. 

suited to this purpose ; and King's County, Hants, Col- 
chester, and Cumberland, may be named as pre-eminently 
so, owing to the extent of their marshes and intervales, 
which, with but little cultivation, yield almost inexhaustible 
supplies of fodder. Among the agricultural products not 
named in the census returns referred to, especial mention 
may be made of flax and hemp. The latter of these has 
never been cultivated, so far as the author can learn, 
except by way of experiment. Flax has been raised, m 
some parts of the province, with a view to profit ; but 
only to the extent of supplying material for some incon- 
siderable domestic manufactures. Both flax and hemp 
of excellent quality can be grown without difficulty in 
most parts of Nova- Scotia ; and if cultivated to any extent, 
would yield a handsome profit to the grower. Hops, 
likewise, grow luxuriantly, especially in the deeper soils 
of the interior ; but farmers have never thought of culti- 
vating them except for domestic purposes. A good 
opportunity exists of cultivating them with profit. As 
already intimated, the apple, plum, pear, and cherry, in 
all their varieties, flourish well in all parts of the province. 
Fine peaches and grapes are grown in the open air in 
some parts, but have not been cultivated to any extent. 



GRANTED AND UNGRANTED LANDS CULTIVATED AND 

WILD LANDS. 

It is frequently said, that all the best lands in Nova- 
Scotia have been already granted by the Crown ; but this 
assertion requires some explanation. The early settlers 
did unquestionably obtain grants of all, or nearly all, the 
marsh and intervale, which are generally considered to 
form the best class of lands ; but that class forms but a 
small proportion of the aggregate of good lands in the 



NOVA-SCOTIA. 33 

province. The uplands, of which grants were usually 
obtained by the earlier settlers, lie, for the most part, 
along the margins of harbours and rivers, and in the 
immediate vicinity of those more extensive marshes and 
intervales, along with which they were usually granted, 
and which were the principal object of the grantee in 
obtaining the grant. It happens that the uplands so 
situated are not the best of that class in the province. 
Indeed they are, generally speaking, rather the reverse, 
the better qualities of upland being usually found far back 
upon the more elevated ridges of the interior. Notwith- 
standing that parties who have, for many years past, 
taken out grants, have made their own choice of lands, it 
is questionable if even yet the proportion which good 
upland bears to that which is inferior among ungranted 
lands, is not as great as among those which are already 
granted. The accompanying table shows the extent and 
supposed quality of ungranted lands in most of the coun- 
ties of the province in the year 1854, arranged in three 
classes. It is taken from maps and tabular statements 
prepared in the Crown Land Office, about the commence- 
ment of that year, and laid before the House of 
Assembly. 

During the years 1854 and 1855, over 100,000 acres 
were granted, the principal part of which were of the 
description classed in the foregoing table as lands covered 
with valuable timber. In 1856, 74,470 acres were 
granted, being mostly of the class capable of profitable 
cultivation. It is extremely doubtful if so large a propor- 
tion of the ungranted lands should be classed "barren," 
as are so classed in this table. When the primeval forest 
has been destroyed by fire, the land for many years after- 
wards wears such an aspect that it has been usual to 
condemn it as barren, where oftentimes it is of a totally 



34 



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NOVA-SCOTIA. 



35 



different character. Large tracts of this description 
among the granted lands, which had lain under the usual 
imputation for many years, have, owing to a growing- 
scarcity of reputed good land in some parts of the interior, 
been experimented upon of late years ; and have, to the 
surprise of those cultivating them, proved to be of excel- 
lent quality. It is at least possible that the same result 
might follow like experiments upon other large tracts of 
reputed barren land in the province. 

Down to the close of 1856, the whole extent of lands 
granted within Nova-Scotia was 5,616,704 acres; mi- 
granted, 5,442,012 acres. From the fact of so large a 
proportion having been granted, it does not follow that an 
equal proportion is under cultivation, actually occupied, 
or even withdrawn from the market. The " improved 
lands," in 1851, amounted to only 839,322 acres, distri- 
buted as follows : — 



Halifax County 


. 


23,866 acres 


Lunenburg 


. 


29,396 


5> 


Queen's 




13,950 


J> 


Shelbume 


. 


16,494 


3> 


Yarmouth 


. 


32,295 


)J 


Digby 


. 


17,325 


}7 


Annapolis 


. 


47,305 


3) 


King's 


. 


73,656 


JJ 


Hants 


. 


65,454 


>» 


Cumberland 




101,067 


J> 


Colchester 


. 


71,670 


5> 


Pictou . 


. 


103,582 


5 J 


Sydney 


. 


69,370 


1) 


Guysborough . 


. 


11,520 


i) 


Inverness . 


. 


82,264 


}> 


Richmond 




16,581 


J J 


Cape Breton 
Victoria 


} 


63,527 


J> 



Total, 839,322 acres. 

A great deal of wilderness land, owned by private indi- 
viduals, and originally purchased from the Crown Fori 



D 2 



36 NOVA-SCOTIA. 

speculation, or for the sake of the timber growing upon 
it, is now in the market. Much of this is of excellent 
quality. 

The upset price of Crown lands, at the present time 
and for several years past, has been fixed at Is. 9d. 
sterling per acre. Wild land can be purchased from 
private individuals at prices ranging from that of Crown 
lands up to 20s. sterling an acre, according to the quality 
and situation. Of cultivated lands, when offered for sale, 
the average price of marsh, of which Nova- Scotia contains 
some 40,000 acres, is from £16 to .£20 sterling. The 
prices of other improved lands vary so much, that no 
approximation to their average can be furnished that 
would be of any practical value. 



FORESTS. 

Were Nova-Scotia situated in any part of the world 
except British America, it would be considered a country 
of extraordinary value, considered with reference merely 
to the products of its forests. But it is surpassed in that 
respect by the neighbouring provinces of New Brunswick 
and Canada. Nova-Scotia produces, with one or two 
exceptions, the same kinds of timber as those provinces ; 
it is of as good a quality ; and is produced as abundantly 
in proportion to the extent of its forests. It is owing to 
the comparatively small extent of those forests that Nova- 
Scotia is inferior, as a timber producing country, to New 
Brunswick and Canada. Still the products of the forest 
form by far the most important item of Nova-Scotian 
exports at the present time, with the exception of fish. 
These products are exported in the shape of hewn timber, 
— deals, boards, and scantling ; spars, knees, and other 
ship timber ; hoops, staves, laths, shingles, and firewood. 



NOVA-SCOTIA. 37 

The greatest quantities of these products are shipped 
from Cumberland and Queen's Counties ; but all parts of 
the province participate largely in the trade ; and there 
is no county in it, and no considerable section of a county, 
in which " lumbering " is not profitably pursued. The 
manufacture of charcoal and potash might be made pro- 
fitable employments in many parts of the province ; yet 
but little attention is given to the manufacture of the 
former, whilst the latter is not attempted at all. 

Among the most valuable kinds of timber, the white 
and red pine {Pinus strobus and P. resinosa) occupy a 
prominent place. They are exported to some extent as 
squared timber ; but are for the most part brought into 
market sawed into boards, plank, shingles, and scantling, 
or made into spars. The hemlock (P. Canadensis) is the 
most abundant of any of the Conifer cs ; it grows to a 
great size, and is extensively manufactured into deals, 
laths, scantling, boards for the coarser kinds of work, 
railway sleepers, wharf logs, piles, and a great variety of 
other purposes. The black, red, and white spruce (P. 
nigra, P. rubra, and P. alba), are for the most part sawed 
into deals, a great number of which are yearly shipped 
from the province. The fir (P. balsaminia) is not em- 
ployed for many purposes except for fence rails ; but, 
owing to its great abundance, the fences in all the more 
recently settled parts of the country are composed almost 
exclusively of that material. The cedar, which is found 
so largely among the forest products of Canada, New 
Brunswick, and the Northern States, may be said not to 
exist in Nova-Scotia. But in its place the Nova-Scotians 
have in great abundance the celebrated larch, or hacmatac 
(P. pendula), called also juniper, and sometimes tamarac. 
Owing to its extraordinary durability and strength, this 
wood is in great demand for every purpose where such 



38 NOVA-SCOTIA. 

qualities are particularly desired. It is especially sought 
after as ship timber, to which it is better adapted than 
any other wood found in the country. 

Among the hard woods, the rock maple (Acer saccha- 
rinum) is probably entitled to the first rank for the 
quality of its timber. It is very hard and strong. A 
peculiar twist or curl in the grain of some of its trees, 
causes the beautiful variety known as bird's-eye maple 
and curly maple. This is highly prized by the cabinet- 
maker ; and when properly dressed and stained, is 
unsurpassed in beauty by any other species of wood. 
The black cherry-tree (Cerasus serotina) is also much 
sought after by furniture manufacturers ; but is not 
sufficiently plentiful to be an important article of export. 
The rare beauty and durability of this wood, which resem- 
bles mahogany, and the medicinal properties of its bark, 
which is every year taking a higher rank in the American 
Pharmacopoeia, renders it well worthy of cultivation. The 
white ash (Fraxinus acuminata) is among the most 
valuable of the hard-wood trees of Nova- Scotia, being- 
very flexible, durable, tough, straight-grained, and free 
from knots ; but, from being so much sought after, it 
is growing rare. For many purposes to which it was 
formerly employed in domestic manufactures, the elm 
(Ulmus Americana) is now substituted. This wood is 
quite as easily bent to any required form as the ash, and 
fully more tough, but is not so straight-grained and easily 
worked. The elm. is a stately, beautiful tree, and is the 
favourite of the Nova-Scotian forest for ornamental pur- 
poses. The wood of the oak (Quercus rubra), although 
considered inferior to the English oak, is of an excellent 
quality. It enters largely into the wooden manufactures 
of the country, but is not exported to any extent, owing 
to its comparative scarcity. The yellow and black birch 



NOVA-SCOTIA. 39 

{Betula excelsa and B. lenta) stand next to the maple in 
the extent to which they are exported. The wood of 
both kinds is strong, close-grained, and durable • and it 
is extensively used in ship -building, and for a variety of 
other purposes. The black birch is a beautiful, reddish- 
coloured, veined wood, not unlike mahogany, and is much 
used in the manufacture of furniture. The white and red 
beech (Fagns sylvatica and F.ferruginea) afford a strong, 
close-grained, heavy wood, which is capable of being- 
applied to a great variety of useful purposes, but is not 
much used in Nova- Scotia except for fuel. In some parts 
of the province, where the country for miles in extent is 
covered with this beautiful tree, large droves of hogs are 
driven out into the woods in the autumn, to fatten for 
two or three months upon beech-nuts as they drop from 
the tree. 

The hard woods, in which are classed, rather incon- 
sistently, all trees which do not belong to the Conifer ce 
order, are composed mostly of the maples, of which there- 
are five species ; the birches, comprising four different 
kinds ; and the beeches, named above. Great quantities of 
these woods are cut for fuel, both for home consumption 
and for exportation. The following table shows the value 
of products of the forest exported from Nova-Scotia, 
in an unmanufactured state, during the year 1854 : — 



Lumber (sawed) 


£135,596 


Shingles .... 


5,713 


Staves and hoops 


20,348 


Spars and knees 


9,562 


Timber (soft wood) 


9,213 


,, (hard wood) 


5,728 


Wood (for fuel) . 


30,577 



£246,737 
In 1855 and 1856, there was a falling off in this export. 



40 NOVA-SCOTIA. 

In the latter year, the aggregate value of the above articles 
exported was £145,592. 

In speaking of the products of the forest, mention is 
made of scarcely any except those which form important 
articles of export. To enumerate all of those products 
which are important in an economical point of view, or 
which may be a source of foreign trade hereafter, would 
swell this branch of our subject beyond its due propor- 
tions. Several species of timber have been already men- 
tioned as highly valuable for ship-building purposes. The 
great abundance of such timber in Nova-Scotia, the unusual 
extent of its sea coast, with its numerous harbours and 
navigable rivers, surrounded even yet, in many places, by 
the primeval forest, and having, in every case, good 
timber near at hand ; the nearness of the country, com- 
pared with other parts of the American continent, to the 
sources whence other articles employed in the construction 
of ships must be obtained, and to the principal shipping- 
markets of the world ; are all advantages which render 
Nova-Scotia admirably, and almost peculiarly, suited for 
carrying on ship-building on an extensive and profitable 
scale. The growth of this branch of industry, and the 
extent to which it is now carried on, will appear in a 
subsequent part of this work. 

It may not be unimportant to mention that many of the 
native trees make excellent hedges, although not much 
cultivated by the Nova-Scotians for that purpose. They, 
for the most part, prefer the hastily constructed wooden 
fence ; although, when kept up for a number of years, it 
is really much more expensive and much less efficient than 
a hedge would be for the same length of time. The wild 
hawthorn (Cratcegus punctata), the beech and elm already 
mentioned, the balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera) , and 
the black willow (Saluv nigra), make good hedges, and 



NOVA-SCOTIA. 41 

are easily cultivated. Hedges are made of the latter two 
merely by forming fences of the branches and saplings, 
inserting an end of each in the ground : these take root, 
and, in a year or two, form a thick hedge. But the 
greatest favourite for this purpose is the spruce. It may 
be cultivated in this way at not more than a fourth of the 
expense which attends the cultivation of the thorn hedges 
in England ; and, growing rapidly, it becomes, in a few 
years' time, a substantial, dense, and almost impenetrable 
hedge. Being an evergreen, it has the additional advan- 
tage of affording a protection against the cold blasts of 
winter, where that is found necessary. 



MINERALS. 

Nova-Scotia has been endowed by nature with mineral 
wealth in a very extraordinary degree. This much can be 
safely averred, from the facts already clearly substantiated ; 
although considering that, with reference to its mineral 
resources, it is still but imperfectly explored, it is not at 
all improbable that those resources may be much greater 
than is now supposed. Comparatively little has been 
done as yet to extract substantial wealth from those 
resources ; because, in a new country like Nova-Scotia, 
where the amount of available capital is so small in pro- 
portion to the number of ways in which it may be pro- 
fitably invested, it is usually difficult to obtain such large 
appropriations as are necessary to carry on mining opera- 
tions to any extent ; but the time must come when the 
minerals of Nova-Scotia will add enormously to its avail- 
able wealth. 

In this brief sketch of those minerals, we will glance 
successively at the substances useful as fuel, building ma- 
terials, and mineral manures ; ores, and metallic substances, 



42 NOVA-SCOTIA. 

and precious stones. Whilst enumerating the articles 
under each of these heads, and indicating the localities 
in which found, we will pass through the geological dis- 
tricts in the same order which we have already done 
in the section upon the geological structure of the 
province. 

Granite, as may be inferred from what has already 
been stated in this work, is found in great abundance, and 
of excellent quality, in many places on the Atlantic coast. 
The quarries which have been worked to the greatest 
extent are at Shelburne and Halifax. There is no mate- 
rial difference in the quality or appearance of the granites 
found at these two places. Great natural facilities exist 
at both for quarrying and shipping the stone. From the 
" Queen's Quarries," at the latter place, large quantities 
have been taken for the construction of the forti- 
fications of Halifax, for which purpose it is highly 
esteemed. Granite has been to some extent exported 
from Shelburne to the United States and neighbouring 
provinces. There are large quantities of excellent 
granite readily accessible for shipment at Barrington, 
near the mouth of Musquidoboit River, in the vicinity 
of Cape Canso, and at various other places on the 
Atlantic coast. The slates of the older metamorphic 
district afford, at a great number of localities, good 
material for the rougher kind of walls, and materials 
which may be quarried and fitted for building at very 
slight expense. 

The Devonian and Silurian district is rich in building 
materials. Sienite and porphyry of good and beautiful 
qualities are found in great abundance in many places on 
the Cobequid Hills, on part of the shores of the Bras d'Or 
Lake, and various other places in the island of Cape Breton, 
and in the range of hills which skirt the Annapolis Valley 



N0YA-SC0TIA. 43 

on the south.* Slate, of excellent quality, is found at 
New Canaan, near Kentville, along the range of hills lying 
between the Stewiacke and Musquidoboit Rivers, in the 
southern part of Pictou County, and at various other points. 
Quarries have been opened at New Canaan and in the 
vicinity of the Stewiacke, for the purpose of procuring 
roofing slates ; but, although the slates were found to be 
of a good quality, the cost of transportation, owing to the 
inland position of the quarries, was so great, that they 
could not be profitably worked in a country where roofing- 
materials of wood were so cheap. This difficulty will pro- 
bably soon be obviated, as railroads, now in course of con- 
struction, will run in the immediate vicinity of these quar- 
ries. Sulphate of harytes is found in the hills immediately 
north of the Stewiacke, at Five Islands, on the north shore 
of Minas Basin, and at some other localities. At Five 
Islands it exists in great abundance, and both there and 
at Stewiacke it has been quarried and exported to some 
extent to the United States and Great Britain, where it is 
mixed with white lead as a paint. Mineral paints in great 
variety are procured from the iron ochres of the Cobequid 
Hills, of which more hereafter. One description, known as 
artificial slate, is rapidly growing into repute throughout 
North America. When mixed with oil, and laid on over 
wood, it possesses the rare and invaluable quality of ren- 
dering it impervious to damp and proof against fire. 

First among the numerous valuable mineral deposits of 
the Nova-Scotia carboniferous district we may consider 
coal. It is probable that Nova- Scotia, in proportion to its 
extent, stands unrivalled in the productive capabilities of 
its coal-fields. The most western of these valuable depo- 
sits, so far as ascertained, exists at the Joggins, on the 

* Dawson's " Acadian Geology ; " Gesner's " Industrial Resources of 
Nova- Scotia." 



44 NOVA-SCOTIA. 

shore of Cumberland Basin. In this coal-field, there are 
seventy-six beds of coal, with an aggregate thickness of 
41 feet. Of the seams which may be profitably worked, 
there are six, comprising together a thickness of 18 ft. 
6 in.* Only two of these seams are worked as yet ; for 
which purpose two shafts have been opened within half 
a mile of the shore where the coal is shipped. 

About twenty miles south-east of the Joggins, at Spring- 
Hill, on the northern skirts of the Cobequid Hills, we find 
another great coal deposit, which geologists declare to be 
quite a different field from the one just described. This 
being in an inland position, has not yet been opened, or 
eYen thoroughly explored. Its coal has been proved, 
however, to be of excellent quality ; and it comprises 
many valuable beds, one of which is twelve feet in thick- 
ness, f From Spring Hill to Parrsboro', a good shipping 
place, being a distance of twenty miles, a rather extraor- 
dinary natural valley extends through the Cobequid Hills, 
along which a nearly level line of railway could be con- 
structed at far below the usual cost of such works. Such 
a work must be simultaneous with the opening of the 
Spring Hill coal mine. Another coal-field can be traced 
along the southern side of the Cobequid Hills throughout 
their whole extent, from Cape Chiegnecto to the borders 
of Pictou County. This field is not yet mined at any 
point, nor has its real extent and value been yet ascer- 
tained by any close examination.^ Another coal-field 
exists on the southern side of the Minas Basin, exten ding- 
quite across Hants and the southern part of Colchester 
Counties. Several small seams appear at or near the 
surface along the banks of the Kennetcook, Shubenacadie, 

* Dawson's " Acadian Geology." 

t Ibid., and Gesner's " Industrial Resources of Nova-Scotia." 

1 Dawson's " Acadian Geology." 



NOVA-SCOTIA. 45 

and Stewiacke, and of small streams emptying into them. 
The strata of this district is not well disclosed by any 
natural sections ; and as no general geological survey has 
been made of it, geologists best acquainted with that part 
of the country believe it quite within the bounds of pro- 
bability, that such a survey would reveal extensive and 
valuable coal deposits." 

The next great coal-field that we find, travelling east- 
wardly, is that of Pictou. The principal beds of good coal 
in this field are of the respective thicknesses of 24, 12, 
and 6 feet. The first of these has been worked for many 
years at what are known as the " Albion Mines." The 
coal is raised from the shafts by means of steam-engines, 
and is conveyed by railway, a distance of six miles, to the 
place of shipment at Pictou Harbour. 

Beds of coal occur at Little River, and at Caribou Cove, 
near River Inhabitants, in Richmond County. At the 
former place, the coal, which is of a good quality, is found 
in a seam about four feet thick, two-and-a-half miles from 
the shore. At Caribou Cove, the coal, which is of not so 
good a quality, appears on the shore in a vein upwards of 
eleven feet in thickness. Good coal also occurs at various 
places in the vicinity of Port Hood, in Inverness County. 
None of the deposits mentioned in this paragraph have 
been worked to any extent.f 

A very valuable coal-field exists on the north side of 
Sydney harbour in Cape Breton County. It comprises 
thirty-four different seams ; but of these only four, having 
an aggregate thickness of twenty feet, are of sufficient 
extent to be worked.^ A mine has been opened at this 
place ; and the coal is conveyed by railroad about three 
miles to " Sydney Bar," whence large quantities of it are 
exported. Excellent coal and in great abundance, is 

* Gesner ; Dawson. + Dawson. % Ibid. 



46 



NOVA-SCOTIA. 



found at many other places in this vicinity. A coal-field 
extends quite across Boulardarie Island from one of the 
seams of which, four feet thick, on the Little Bras d'Or, 
some coal has been raised. Several valuable beds appear 
also at Bridgport, one of which only, nine feet in thick- 
ness, has been opened. Good coal also occurs at Cow 
Bay, and at various other points on or near the sea- 
shore, in that vicinity.* The coal-fields of Cape Breton 
County would appear to be almost inexhaustible, and 
nature affords every facility for working them to advan- 
tage. The mines at the Joggins, Pictou, Sydney, and 
Bridgport, are worked by the " General Mining Associa- 
tion/' The following statement shows the quantities of 
coal raised and exported from these mines respectively 
in 1856. 



Albion mines 


Total Qiiantity 

raised. 

Newcastle clialds. 


Quantity ex- 
ported. 
Newcastle chalds. 


44,637 


39,801 


Sydney^ . . . . 


36,247 


19,705 


Joggins .... 


2,889 


2,535 


Bridgport, or Lingan 


3,324 


2,577 


Point Aconi (Boulardarie 


71 


10 


Island) 

Total . 






87,168 


64,628 



From 1827 to 1853 inclusive, 1,042,621 Newcastle 
chaldrons were raised from the mines of the whole pro- 
vice. Of this quantity, 497,183 chaldrons were taken 
from the "Albion Mines" of Pictou ; 479,041 chaldrons 



* Gesner. 



NOVA-SCOTIA. 47 

from the Sydney mines ; and the remainder from those 
of the Joggins, Bras d'Or, and Bridgport.* The extensive 
coal deposits of Nova-Scotia can scarcely be too highly 
estimated, when considered in connection with the fact, 
that no coal-fields of any considerable value exist in the 
eastern states, Canada, New Brunswick, Prince Edward's 
Island, or — so far as yet known — in Newfoundland. 

Reddish, grey, and brown Freestones are found in 
abundance in the carboniferous district. Freestone of 
good quality for buildings is procurable at Horton, 
Falmouth, Windsor, Shubenacadie, Londonderry, Wallace, 
Pictou, Guysborough, Port Hood, Margaree, Whykoko- 
magh, and various other parts of Cape Breton. In most, 
if not in all of these, it may be quarried and shipped with 
facility. Excellent quarries are also to be found in many 
places in the interior. Hitherto the greatest quantities of 
freestone have been taken from the quarries of Wallace 
and Pictou. The best and most expensive public build- 
ings in the province are composed of Wallace-stone ; 
whilst that of Pictou has been, of late years, exten- 
sively exported to the United States, where it is highly 
prized. Sandstone suitable for millstones and grindstones 
is procured at Pictou and the eastern part of Cumber- 
land ; but Minudie and other localities in the vicinity of 
the Joggins already referred to are the most celebrated 
for this material. Grindstones are there quarried and 
hewn out directly upon the shore of the Cumberland 
Basin, the great rise and fall of tide enabling those en- 
gaged in the business to load their vessels with the 
stones upon the spot where they have been both quarried 
and dressed. Large quantities of these grindstones are 
made and exported ; and they bear a high reputation in 
all parts of North America. A medal of the London 

* Journals of the House of Assembly, 1854. Appendix, JSTo. 38. 



48 NOVA-SCOTLA. 

Industrial Exhibition of 1851 was awarded to one of 
the Joggins grindstones. 

Lime and gypsum are found in enormous quantities in 
Northern Hants and Southern Colchester. The quarrying 
and shipping of gypsum to the' United States, from 
Shubenacadie and the neighbourhood of Windsor, form 
quite an active and flourishing trade. The quantity 
quarried in 1851 was 78,903 tons." It is constantly in- 
creasing, and may increase almost indefinitely, for the 
supply seems inexhaustible. Large deposits of both are 
also found scattered across the central portion of the 
county of Cumberland, forming a band extending east 
and west. Lime is quarried at Cape John, Merigomish, 
and at the west and east rivers of Pictou ; gypsum is also 
procurable at the latter locality.f Both lime and gypsum 
are found in large quantities at Antigonish, and through- 
out the adjoining country ; and there are valuable beds 
of limestone in the vicinity of Guysborough. The island 
of Cape Breton contains enormous quantities of both 
these valuable minerals. Limestone and gypsum occur in 
large and readily accessible deposits at Plaister Cove, on 
the Strait of Canso, at several points on the shores of 
Lennox Passage, at St. Peter's, Arichat, Mabon, Margaree, 
St. Ann's, Boulardarie Island, Sydney Mire, and upon 
every hand on the shores of the Great Bras d'Or Lake 
and its tributary rivers and inlets. These beds are, in 
man}^ places, found associated with marls.J 

Marble of various descriptions is found in several parts 
of Nova-Scotia. An extensive bed of grey and white 
marble is found on the southern side of the Little Bras 
d'Or, near Long Island.§ " Several pretty and unusual 
varieties of coloured marble " are procurable at Craignish 

* Census Returns. f Dawson. 

X Dawson ; Gesner. § Dawson, " Acadian Geology. 



NOVA-SCOTIA. 49 

and Long Point, in Inverness, near the northern entrance 
to the Strait of Canso.* " A curiously waved grey 
marble is also found near New Glasgow and at Little 
Harbour, in Pictou County." f Quarries have not been 
opened to any extent at any of the above-named places ; 
nor have any decided steps been taken as yet with that 
object. But a bed of marble exists at Five Islands, in 
Colchester County, to work which a company was 
incorporated, in the Nova-Scotian legislative session of 
1855, under the name of the " Acadian Marble Company." 
The Five Islands marble beds have not been sufficiently 
opened up as yet to warrant a very decided opinion as to 
their extent or value ; but they seem to hold out great 
inducements to the capitalist. Specimens of white marble 
are procured from these beds as pure and fine-grained as 
any which the most highly valued European quarries 
afford to the sculptor. They also produce several 
varieties of coloured marble, some of which are very 
beautiful. 

Ochres from which good paints may be manufactured, 
occur in large quantities on the banks of the Shuben- 
acadie, East River, and other places. A material which 
makes a hydraulic cement, is procured near Chester ; and 
a species of umber, from which paint is manufactured, is 
found at the same place. There is no part of the car- 
boniferous district of Nova-Scotia, of any extent, in which 
there is not an abundance of good clay for the manu- 
facture of bricks and the coarser kinds of earthenware. 

First in importance among the ores and metallic 
substances found in Nova-Scotia, must be placed Iron. 
Enough is already known concerning the extent and 
quality of deposits of that kind in Nova-Scotia, to lead to 
the conviction that iron of excellent description may here 

* Dawson, " Acadian Geology." f Ibid. 



50 NOVA-SCOTIA. 

be profitably manufactured to an almost indefinite extent. 
The ores of this most useful of metals are found in great 
variety, and in several places widely removed from each 
other. The most western deposit of any extent yet dis- 
covered occurs at Clements, on the south side of Anna- 
polis Basin. The outcrop of the vein may be traced on 
the surface for the distance of a mile, with an average 
thickness of nine feet six inches.* The ore consists of 
scales of specular iron, firmly cemented together, and 
intermixed with silicious and calcareous matter ; and it 
has been in part converted by heat into magnetic iron 
ore.f It yields from 33 to 40 per cent, of cast iron, the 
quality of which is said to be very superior.^ In 1826, 
a company was formed for the purpose of working this 
mine. Operations were commenced, and the smelting of 
the ore and manufacturing of the iron continued for some 
time ; but operations suddenly ceased, owing, it is said, 
to dissensions among the stockholders, and have not since 
been resumed. 

A bed of iron ore occurs at Nictan ; also in the County 
of Annapolis, and is similar to that found^ at Clements. 
There are several parallel veins at this place, varying from 
four to ten feet in thickness — six of these have been 
examined and accurately defined, and the ore contains 
55*3 per cent, of iron of excellent quality. § Works have 
recently been erected at the falls of the Nictan River, in 
the immediate vicinity of this deposit, for the purpose of 
smelting the ore. The great natural advantages of the 
situation, the good quality of the ore, and the abundance 
immediately at hand of most of the raw material required, 
afford every reason to suppose that the operations here 
commenced will prove quite successful. 

* Gesner, " Industrial Resources. " % Gesner, Ibid, 

t Dawson, "Acadian Geology." § Dawson, Ibid. 



NOVA-SCOTIA. 51 

The next great deposit of iron ore which we will mention 
is found on the southern slope of the Cobequid Hills. This 
deposit, considering its extent and the variety and quality 
of its ores, may be pronounced the most important in the 
province. That part of it to which attention has been 
most particularly directed lies between the Debert River 
and a point some Wo miles westward of the Great 
Village River, a distance in all of about ten miles. Be- 
tween these points the vein extends nearly east and west, 
and at a distance of from five to eight miles from the 
shore of Cobequid Bay. It consists of a veinstone of the 
species of ore called Anker ite, associated with SpatJwse 
iron, surrounding and including a number of other varie- 
ties of ore. Of these the Red Ochrey iron ore occurs in 
large quantities, but in minor veins and irregular masses ; 
and the Specular ore, and Magnetic ore, in crystals and 
nests, and in still smaller veins. Yellow Ochrey ore and 
Brown hematite are also found in large quantities on the 
surface of the vein. The whole vein is of very irregular 
width. At one spot on the bank of the Great Village 
River it is 120 feet wide ; whilst at another, not far from 
the most eastern point to which the vein has been traced, 
it attains a breadth of over five hundred feet. Its breadth 
is unequal at various intermediate points where measure- 
ments have been made. The length of this vein is not 
yet ascertained : its continuation may be seen near Five 
Islands, twenty miles westward of Great Village River ; 
so that the vein is known to extend a distance of about 
thirty miles in length. It is not at all improbable 
that upon continued examination it will be found to 
extend along the whole length of the Cobequid range of 
hills.* 

These ores are of an excellent quality. The Specular, 

* Dawson, "Acadian Geology. " 

e 2 



52 NOYA-SCOTIA. 

Magnetic, and the Ochrey Red ores, the latter of which is 
the most abundant ore in the vein, afford from 60 to 70 
per cent, of pure iron. From the richness, abundance, 
and position of the ore, it has been calculated that it can 
be provided at the blast furnaces at Great Village River at 
a lower cost per ton of iron than at most of the other 
principal establishments of the kind in the world.* The 
iron made from these ores is found to be equal to any in 
the world, in the rare properties requisite for making good 
steel.f 

Furnaces and other necessary works were erected, and 
the manufacture of iron commenced, a few years since, at 
the spot where the vein crosses the west branch of Great 
Village River, by a few gentlemen of England and Nova- 
Scotia. For the purpose of enlarging their sphere of 
operations, and carrying on the works with greater vigour, 
an Act of Incorporation has been procured from the 
Nova-Scotian Legislature, during the session of 1855, 
incorporating the proprietors of these mines by the name 
of the " Acadian Iron and Steel Company/' There seems 
to be no reason why the operations of this Company 
should not be attended by complete success. As already 
shown, the supply of the ore appears to be almost inexhaust- 
ible. The iron made from that ore is equal to the best 
quality produced by any other part of the world. There 
are immense forests in the immediate vicinity of the 
mines, sufficient to supply them with charcoal, at a small 
expense, for many years. Good free-stone for building- 
purposes, and, it is said, good fire-brick clay, are found at 
a short distance from the works. The Great Village 
River and other streams traversing the vein of ore, 
afford water-power sufficient to drive any machinery 

* J. S. Hayes' "Report to Acadian Iron Mining Association." 
f Mushet. 



NOVA-SCOTIA. 53 

that will probably be required ; and there is a shipping- 
place, easily accessible, at five and a half-miles distant 
from the spot where the Company has commenced 
operations. 

A very extensive deposit of iron ore, of a description 
similar to that of Nictan, is found at East River, Pictou, 
and within ten miles distance from the Albion coal mines 
on that river. * The vein at this place is sixteen feet in 
thickness.f The situation of this deposit, like that of the 
Cobequid Hills, affords every facility for the profitable 
manufacture of iron. There is a coal mine in operation, 
extensive forests for the production of charcoal, and an 
abundance of good building stone and lime, in the vicinity 
of the bed of ore. Clay Ironstone and Brown Hematite 
are also found in abundance in the coal measures, nearer 
the mouth of the East River, and in the immediate 
neighbourhood of the coal mines. There are no works 
in operation for smelting any of the ores found in Pictou 
County. 

Iron ore, in the forms of Red Ochre, Red Hematite, and 
Brown Hematite, is found on the Shubenacadie, near its 
mouth. It has also been found in small quantities in 
several other places, affording good reason to believe that 
further extensive deposits of that valuable material will be 
discovered upon a more general research into the mineral 
wealth of Nova- Scotia. 

Copper ore occurs at several places in Nova-Scotia. 
Large and numerous fragments of that ore are found in 
the southern part of Sydney County, affording indications 
of some valuable deposit in that section of the country.^ 
It is also found in the high lands in the rear of Five 
Islands, and at various other points in the Cobequid Range. 

* Dawson, " Acadian Geology." f Gesner, " Industrial Resources." 
% Dawson, Ibid. 



54. NOVA-SCOTIA. 

Copper ores, in the form of the grey sulphuret and green 
carbonate of that metal, and of a rich quality, occur at 
several places in Pictou County, particularly at East Eiver, 
West River, and Carribou. A specimen from the latter 
place was found, on analysis, to contain 40 per cent, of 
copper. Ores of the same description are found, at 
Minudix, in Cumberland, and near Tatamagouche, in 
Colchester County. No steps are being taken to open 
mines at any of the places above mentioned, except that 
near Tatamagouche. The proprietor of the lands upon 
which the ore is there found has recently petitioned for a 
lease of a copper mine at that place, of which fact the 
Lieutenant-Governor has given notice in the Royal 
Gazette, according to the requirements of a law of the 
province, to which particular allusion will be made 
hereafter. Virgin copper is found, in grains and in 
masses in the fissures of the trap rock at Five Islands, 
Cape D'Or, and several other points in the trap 
district. 

Galena, or sulphuret of Lead, occurs at Gray's River, the 
boundary between Halifax and Colchester Counties ; also 
at Guysborough and several other places. At Gay's 
River it is associated with silver. That particular part of 
the country where this ore is found is still covered for the 
most part with forests ; and little pains have been taken to 
ascertain the extent, or discover the most valuable deposit 
of it. From the indications already observed it is quite 
probable that, upon a careful examination of the neigh- 
bourhood by competent parties, such a deposit will be 
discovered, of great value, with reference either to the 
lead or silver contained in it, and perhaps with reference 
to both. 

Manganese ores are found in several parts of Pictou 
County ; also at Cheverie, Walton, and Rawdon, in Hants 



NOVA-SCOTIA. 55 

County, on the banks of the Shubenacadie, at Parrsboro', 
and at Cornwallis. Small quantities of it are occasionally 
shipped from Walton alone. * 

The mineral substances which, more for the sake of 
distinction than with regard to strict accuracy, we have 
classed as Precious Stones, are confined mostly to the trap 
districts. They comprise materials applicable to jewellery 
and ornamental purposes ; and also a great variety of 
substances of interest to mineralogists as specimens of the 
minerals formed in volcanic rocks. Nova-Scotia has become 
widely celebrated among scientific men for the abundance 
and variety of these specimens, and the facility with which 
they may be procured. Many of them are very beautiful ; 
and several of those useful for ornamental purposes are so 
plentiful and so easily obtained as to be quite worthy of 
attention in an economic point of view. These minerals 
are found in the rocks throughout the whole Trap dis- 
trict ; but are most sought after among the cliffs of Cape 
Blomidon, Cape D'Or, Partridge Island, and other points 
on the shore of Minas Channel and its vicinity. At those 
places the action of the winter frosts upon the exposed 
face of the cliffs is such that, every spring, great 
"avalanches," or land slides, take place, and the finely 
crystallised and beautiful minerals are then found in pro- 
fusion among the fragmentary rocks scattered upon the 
shelving beach. Fine specimens of many of the mineral 
substances already mentioned, are found among the Trap 
rocks. Of these there are several varieties of iron and 
copper ores, oxide of manganese, sulphuret of lead, 
carbonate of lime, and sulphate of lime in its varieties 
of selenite, and compact, anhydrous, fibrous, black, 
white, and red gypsum. Besides these, specimens of the 

* Gesner ; Dawson. 



56 



NOVA-SCOTIA. 



following minerals are procurable, and most of them in 
great abundance at the places already named : — * 



Acadiolitef 

Agate 

Albin 

Amethyst 

Amethystine Sinter 

Analcime 

Apophyllite 

Arragonite 

Augite 

Basalt 

Barytes, Sulphate of 

Calcareous Spar 

Chalcedony 

Carnelian 

Cacholong 

Chlorite 

Chabasite 

Chlorophceite 

Hairstone 



Heliotrope 

Heulandite 

Hornstone 

Jasper, red and ribband 

Ledererite 

Laumonite 

Mezotype, Natrolite, Sco- 

lecite 
jSTeedlestone 
Opal, Semi-opal 
Onyx 
Prehnite 
Quartz 

Silicious Sinter 
Stilbite 
Thomsonite 
Tremolite 
Zeolite 



Since an early date in the history of Nova-Scotia, it 
has been usual, in passing grants of crown lands, to 
reserve to the crown all mines and deposits of gold, silver, 
coal, iron, copper, and some others. The mineral deposits 
so reserved, as well as those existing upon lands still 
belonging to the crown, were in 1826 granted to the late 
Duke of York for a term of sixty years, and are now 
under lease to the General Mining Association, subject to 
a royalty which already yields a large sum annually to 
the revenue of the province. All the mineral wealth of 
the province is not subject to this monopoly, however. 
No reservation was made in many of the earlier grants ; 
and some whole townships are exempt from its operation. 
The valuable iron deposits of Annapolis and Colchester 

* Gesner, " Geology and Mineralogy of Nova-Scotia," and "Indus- 
trial Resources." Dawson, "Acadian Geology." 

t So called by mineralogists, from Acadia, the former name of Nova- 
Scotia, to which country it is supposed to be peculiar. 



NOVA-SCOTIA. 57 

are upon lands in which no such reservation was made. 
But a monopoly it certainly is to a great extent, and one 
which has been a cause of much complaint on the part of 
the people of Nova-Scotia. Efforts have recently been 
made by the provincial legislature to break the monopoly 
itself, or to confine it within such limits as will render it 
harmless to the interests of the province. The measures 
taken are such that they may possibly result in some com- 
promise with the lessees of the reserved mines, which will 
be found not prejudicial to the interests of either of the 
parties immediately concerned. By a statute of the pro- 
vince already referred to, any individual may petition the 
Governor for a lease of the unworked mines and minerals 
upon any Crown lands, or upon any granted lands where 
they have been reserved, upon which the Governor will 
cause an advertisement to be inserted for three months in 
the Royal Gazette, notifying all parties interested in such 
mines of that application. If such interested parties shall 
not, within twelve months after publication of the notice, 
open and work the mines in question, the Governor may 
then order a lease of them to be made to the party apply- 
ing for it, for such time and upon such conditions as he 
may think fit. 

FISHERIES. 

Nova-Scotia is widely and deservedly celebrated for the 
extent and value of its Fisheries. It may be safely 
averred that no country on earth surpasses it in this 
respect ; and it is questionable if any, unless it be the 
neighbouring province of Newfoundland, even equals it. 
It has already been mentioned that the coast line of 
Nova- Scotia forms a^distance of not less than a thousand 
miles. There is no part of that coast on which a highly 
profitable fishery may not be pursued. The interior of the 



53 NOVA-SCOTIA. 

country is also, as already shown, well watered by nu- 
merous rivers. In these, the fishes that usually frequent 
such inland waters in their latitudes are caught in 
abundance. The salmon {Salmo solar), the common trout 
(Salmo fontinalis), and salmon trout {Salmo iruttd), are 
plentiful in nearly all .of those streams, and afford fine 
sport to the angler • and the fishes of the former species 
are so numerous and of so fine a quality as to be of some 
importance as an article of commerce. The yellow perch 
{Perca flavescens), the white perch (Labrax jjallidus), sucker 
{Catostomus communis), chub {Leuciscus cep/ialus), carp 
{L. chrgsoleucas,) roach {L. cornutus and L. pulchellus) , are 
also abundant in many of the lakes and streams. 

The shad {Alosa sapidissima) is taken in great numbers 
in Cumberland Basin, Minas Basin, and the estuaries of 
the rivers which empty into them. The taking of this 
most delicious fish constitutes the principal fishery of those 
waters. There the shad is taken in draft-nets and in 
set-nets, and weirs placed along the sloping mud-flats of 
the shore. Brush weirs and nets thus placed become 
entirely submerged at high water by the tide, which, in 
retreating, leaves them high and dry, and the fish which 
they retain are then carried away without any boating 
being required. The gaspereau, or alewive {Alosa 
tyrannus), the cod {Morrhia vulgaris), the haddock {M. 
mglefinus), the pollock {Merlangus carbonarius), -the herring 
{Clupea elongata), and the flounders {Platessa plana, P. 
pusilla, and P. limanda), are found in the greatest abun- 
dance in all parts of the Bay of Fundy, and also in its 
branches, Cumberland Bay and Minas Basin ; whilst the 
hake {Phgcis Americanas) , the forsk or cusk {Brosnicus vul- 
garis) and halibut {Hippoglossus vulgaris), are taken in such 
numbers as to form a very important item in the products 
of those waters. In the early spring the smelt (Osmcrus 



NOVA-SCOTIA. 59 

viridescens), swarms in myriads up into most of the rivers 
emptying into the Bay of Fundy. These fish are usually 
dipped up with scoop nets, about the head of the tide 
waters. The herring of the Bay of Fundy is small, but 
usually fat and of excellent quality. The greatest number 
of those caught are smoked and packed in boxes. The 
pollock fishery is believed to be the most valuable and 
extensive of the deep-sea fisheries of the Bay of Fundy." 
The cod, haddock, halibut, and gaspereau, do not differ from 
the fishes of those kinds found upon other parts of the 
coast of Nova-Scotia. The sturgeon (Accipenser oxyrinclius)* 
is also frequently caught in the Bay of Fundy, but is not 
highly valued in Nova-Scotia. The bass (Labrax lineatus), 
a delicious fish, sometimes attaining a weight of forty or 
fifty pounds, is also common in this bay. 

In the Gulf of St. Lawrence the shad and gaspereau 
are not so numerous nor of such good quality as on the 
Bay of Fundy coasts. All the other fishes already 
named, with the exception of the pollock, are there found 
in abundance. The bass appears at certain seasons on this 
coast, in large schules. The mackarel {Scomber vernalis)^ 
which forms an important article of commerce in Nova- 
Scotia, but which is comparatively rare in the Bay of Fundy, 
is abundant in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The sea perch 
(Ctenolabrus ceruleus), is also very numerous. It is in the 
estuaries of the rivers on this coast that the salmon trout, 
or sea trout (Salmo trutta), already referred to, is found in 
the greatest numbers in Nova-Scotian waters. Of these, 
River Philip seems to be more particularly favoured, and 
is the summer's resort of many anglers. Valuable oyster 
Fisheries exist at several points on the Gulf coast. 

The Atlantic coast of Nova-Scotia is that most celebrated 

* M. H. Perley, " Keport on the Sea and River Fisheries of New 
Brunswick, 1852." 



60 NOVA-SCOTIA. 

for its Fisheries. Nearly all of the salt-water fishes already 
named are here found in abundance, and many other 
valuable species besides. The Halifax fish-market is said 
to be the best supplied of any in the world ; and certainly, 
if such is not the case, it is owing to no lack of means. 
The cod swarms along the shores and upon the fishing- 
banks which lie off this coast throughout nearly its whole 
extent. The supply of this valuable fish and of haddock? 
hake, and pollock, appears to be unlimited. When cured 
they are most frequently sent to market in the form of " dry 
fish." Delicious halibut, sometimes attaining a weight of 
500lbs., may be taken in the greatest abundance ; and 
the great tunny, or albicore (Thynnus vulgaris), so highly 
prized in the Mediterranean, is here frequently taken, 
varying from six to twelve feet in length. The mackarel, 
so much valued, frequents this coast in immense " schules," 
the arrival of any one of which gives occasion to a scene 
of great activity among the fishermen who are anxiously 
awaiting them. Nova-Scotia is, undoubtedly, without a 
rival in the facilities which it affords for prosecuting the 
mackarel fishery with profit. This fish, in approaching 
the coast from the deeper waters of the Atlantic, seems to 
have certain favourite resorts ; but, unaccountably as yet, 
it sometimes exchanges a long frequented spot for some 
new favourite, to return again to the old haunt after an 
interval of years. The shores in and about Chedabucto 
Bay, the southern entrance to the Strait of Canso, are 
especially famed for the myriads of these fishes which 
resort to them annually. In that vicing the immense 
schules of mackarel are sometimes seen several miles in 
breadth, rendering the surface of the water quite smooth, 
and forming a mass so dense as even to impede the pro- 
gress of the smaller class of vessels. These waters are 
their highway to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, of which, as 



NOVA-SCOTIA. 61 

already mentioned, they form one of the most valuable 
Fisheries. 

The quantity of fish that may be taken from one of 
these great shoals seems to depend solely upon the extent 
of the means at hand for securing and curing them. 
Immense hauls are sometimes made by means of seines. 
It is not uncommon to take 1000 barrels at a single 
haul of one of these nets ; and upwards of 3000 barrels 
have been thus secured in a single night. One night, 
in November, 1855, 800 barrels of mackarel were 
landed by a seine on a part of the shore of the city of 
Halifax, having been taken in the North-West Arm. 
Upwards of 20,000 barrels were taken in Halifax harbour 
in the autumn of 1855 ; and the value of products of the 
sea taken by the fishermen of Halifax County during that 
year, were estimated to be over 250,000/. A great 
number of mackarel — probably a greater number than in 
any other way — are also taken in the deeper waters off 
shore, particularly in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, by means 
of hook and line. The mackarel abounds on all the coasts 
of the Island of Cape Breton. 

Next to the mackarel the herring is most deserving of 
particular mention. Immense schules of this fish also 
frequent the Atlantic coast. This fish, although different 
from the herring of the European side of the Atlantic, is, 
when properly dressed and cured, scarcely, if at all, in- 
ferior to the widely celebrated Dutch herring. Those 
caught upon the Atlantic coast of Nova-Scotia are usually 
pickled in barrels. There is no part of that coast on 
which herring may not be taken in great abundance ; 
and they may there be caught at all seasons of the 
year. But, indeed, nearly every salt-water fish named 
in this section may be caught in the greatest abundance 
upon the Atlantic coast of the province of Nova-Scotia, 



62 NOVA-SCOTIA. 

and, with very few exceptions, at all seasons of the 
year. 

The following Table, taken from the Census Returns of 



Gallons 

of 
fish- oil. 


C5ON©00>fliO^ 
00^(MO5O5COl>Cq 

j>T of cT cT j>T r-T 

iH r-i tH 


1 


©q 

CO 

o 


00 


CO 
rH 


CO CO ^ J^ 
HNJ>T(f 

lO CO H O 

cq" r-T jfc-Tof 

cq h cq 


o 

© 

cq 

CO 


O 
lO 

cq^ 

cT 

CO 
rH 


Boxes 
of smoked 
herring. 


CO OlOOONiO 

OS CO^OCOfflH 

N H (» CO H 

' tjT j>T oT 


o 

H 


o 
US 

tH 


o 
o 

CO 


1 


co 

1 1 1 




© 

O 

rH 


No. of 
barrels of 
alewives. 


Cq Cq rH r-i O CO "# 

00 O 1 'O H r H O 
rH <M | CO H 


1 


CT 

CO 
r-i 


1 


Cq 


cq io cq r-i 
CO rH Jt- »o 

CO tH CO 

cq" 


CO 


CO 

co^ 


No. of 
barrels of 
herring. 


1O00OO00C0O® 
001>OOOOfl5H(M^H 
OCOCOCOCOCqiOGO 

to" tjT tjT co^ r-T »o 


O 

CO 


CO 

CO 


CT 

r-i 
r-i 


o 


© © .b- GO 

io co co Oi 
cq th cq co 

t-T co" cq" "dT 


CO 
r-i 

r-i 

co" 


o 
o 
cq 

CO 


No. of 
barrels of 
mackarel. 


toi>HOffiiooocq 

CO H ^ H « CO O 
00 rH tH CO r-i CO r-i 

CjT oT r-T TjT rH r-T 

cq 


1 


CO 
CO 


1 


1 


CO "1 H CO 

cq iooi> 

CO CO ^ CO 
r-TcT l£ i£ 

cq tH 


CO 

cq 

of 


co^ 
© 

o 

rH 


No. of 
barrels 
of shad. 


rH CO O CO 

1 1 1 i"^£ 


CO 


CO 

CO 


o 


1 


i r 


co 
cq 


CO 
CO 
lO 

CO 


No. of 
barrels of 
salmon. 


lO .fc- © O 
cq | io 1 1 co 


co Jt- 

C5 


iO 
rH 


UO 


^ rH co cq 

CO © © "# 
r-i CO r-i 


CO 


© 
CO 

CO 

r-T 


Quintals 

of dry fish 

cured. 


^J>COi^OHC<lrf(JSO 

001005HJ>OCOCOOO 
O00-*(N0500 CO 

r^T r-T CO*"" JUT? ©" ©" 
rH <M CO <N. r-i 


O 
Ol 

CI 


CO 


CO -# rH lO 

CO CO O LO 

o co oi cq 
r-T ieT r-T cq" 

rH rH CO 


CO 

cq 


CO 

CO*" 
© 


6 














d 
o 

o 
is «3 

o £ 
Pi o 
^ IT 1 


o 


Halifax . 

Lunenburg 

Queen's 

Shelburne . 

Yarmouth 

Digby 

Annapolis 

King's 

Hants . 


Cumberland . , 

Colchester 

Pictou 


Sydney . 
Guysborough 
Inverness 
Richmond 



1851, will show the extent to which the Fisheries were 
prosecuted at that period. 



NOVA-SCOTIA. 



63 



It should have been observed that the dog-fish {Spinas 
acanthias) is taken in large quantities along the Atlantic 
Coast, chiefly for the sake of the oil which is extracted 
from it. The greater portion of the fish-oil represented 
in the foregoing Table is obtained in this way. The 
remains of the fish, after extracting the oil, is usually 
given to hogs. Of some kinds of fish named in this Table 
— particularly of salmon — the largest portion are not 
usually cured at all, but are sent to market fresh. 

The following statement shows the quantities of fish and 
oil actually exported from the province in 1856.* 



DESCRIPTION. 


VALUE. 


Alewives .... 

Codfish 

Herrings (pickled) . 

,, (smoked) 
Mackarel .... 
Oils (fish and seal) 
Scale fish . ... 
Shad and Salmon 


£10,941 sterling. 
250,042 „ 

85,976 „ 
2,309 „ 
178,620 

34,819 ;, 

30,706 

16,589 „ 


Total .... 


£610,002 sterling. 



Notwithstanding the large item which the products of 
the Fisheries form in the exports of Nova-Scotia, it will be 
presumed from the foregoing Tables, that the catch of fish 
is small in proportion to what it might be. Such is really 
the case. The Fisheries of Nova-Scotia afford an immense, 
and but very partially occupied field for the application of 
labour and enterprise. As already shown, those Fisheries 
are productive in an extraordinary degree ; and Nova- 
Scotia, owing to its geographical position, extensive coasts, 
and excellent harbours, presents unsurpassed if not unri- 
valled facilities for the profitable prosecution of them. 

* Official Returns. 



64 NOVA-SCOTIA. 

Yet by the Census of 1851, we find that there were then 
but 9927 persons engaged in the Fisheries. Of those so 
engaged, it is a common complaint that they bring little 
skill to the prosecution of their calling ; and are so impro- 
vident in their habits as to be nearly always deficient in 
the means of employing their labour to great advantage. 
How far soever these reproaches may be well grounded, it 
is certain that there is abundant room in the Fisheries of 
Nova-Scotia for the profitable employment of both capital 
and labour. All that could be asked of Nature is here 
furnished by her — abundance of materials for the construc- 
tion of fishing vessels and boats ; excellent harbours and 
fishing grounds, so situated that the business can be car- 
ried on with the greatest degree of safety and the least of 
expense ; and unlimited numbers of excellent fish. To 
these might be added, at the present time, the compara- 
tive proximity of Nova-Scotia to the principal markets for 
the fish taken in North American waters. By the " Re- 
ciprocity Treaty " between Great Britain and the United 
States, which came into operation in June, 1854, colonial 
fish are imported into the latter country free of duty. The 
natural tendency of this is to add largely to the profits, 
and increase the enterprise of the fishing classes of Nova- 
Scotia. In short, it seems but reasonable to believe that 
the only thing required to make the Fisheries of Nova- 
Scotia by far the most prosperous and productive in the 
world, is the knowledge of their value in those older coun- 
tries where skilled labour in that department is more abun- 
dant and less remunerative than it is here.* 

* In speaking of the products of the Fisheries, as in those of the 
forests, those species only have been named which are of importance in 
an Economic point of view. 



NOVA-SCOTIA. 65 

CHAPTER III. 

CLIMATE. 

Much misapprehension has prevailed, among persons 
not personally cognisant of the facts of the case, relative 
to the climate of Nova-Scotia. That climate has been mis- 
represented as extremely rigorous, disagreeable, and insa- 
lubrious. There is but very slight foundation for such 
misrepresentation. It is true that, owing to causes which 
need not here be explained, Nova-Scotia, like all countries 
on the western coast of the North Atlantic, is subject to 
greater extremes of heat and cold than countries in the 
same latitude on the eastern coast of that ocean. This 
comparatively great variety of temperature in North 
America, does not, in the latitude of Nova-Scotia, prevent 
the climate being very salubrious and agreeable. There 
is a lack of statistical information upon this head. No 
such tabular statements are procurable as will enable us to 
arrive at general accurate results relative to the longevity 
of human beings in this province. Notwithstanding this 
deficiency of statistics, it may be safely averred that the 
average length of human life is there greater than in most 
countries in the temperate zone, So far as the writer is 
aware, there are no diseases peculiar to the country ; and 
there are none which are there disseminated in an unusual, 
or even notable degree of rapidity or virulence. The most 
prevalent complaints are those which are caused by sudden 
transitions in the temperature of the atmosphere ; and, 
therefore, form a class of diseases which are most easily 
guarded against. There are no large, shallow lakes and 
morasses filled with stagnant water, which would render 
the air unwholesome ; whilst the nature of the country's 



66 NOVA-SCOTIA. 

surface, and the nearness of every part of it to the open 
sea, in causing a free and almost constant circulation of air 
over every part, renders that air remarkably pure. Those 
violent and protracted intermittent fevers which are so pre- 
valent in other parts of America, in and about the same 
latitude as Nova-Scotia, are never generated in that coun- 
try. On the contrary, a person afflicted with disease of 
that kind, and who may have undergone the most skilful 
medical treatment, with no permanent beneficial result, 
will, on removing to Nova-Scotia, become quite well in a 
short time, owing merely to the curative effects of the 
climate. 

Owing to the peninsular position of Nova-Scotia, and the 
tendency of large bodies of salt water to equalise the tem- 
perature of the atmosphere in their vicinity, it is not sub- 
ject to such great extremes of heat in summer, and cold 
in winter, as the neighbouring provinces of New Bruns- 
wick and Canada, and the North Eastern States. The 
extreme of cold is 25° Fahr. below zero ; the extreme 
of heat, 95° above, in the shade ; but it must be observed, 
that there is seldom a year in which the temperature attains 
either of these extremes. The mean temperature of the 
year is 43° ; and there are about 100 days in which the 
temperature is above 70° in summer, or above 62° in the 
remainder of the year ; and about twenty nights in which 
it is below zero.* 

The coldest season is comprised in the first three months 
of the year. During this season the cold weather is not 
so continuous, nor does the ground remain so constantly 
covered with snow, as is usual in the neighbouring pro- 
vinces and states already referred to. At least, when a 
" Canadian winter " does occur in Nova-Scotia, it is an 
exception to the ordinary rule. But during the most of 

* Dawson's "Handbook of Nova-Scotia." 



NOVA-SCOTIA. 67 

winters in Nova-Scotia, notable changes of temperature are 
both frequent and sudden. A great body of snow usually 
falls in the course of the season ; but, owing to the fre- 
quency of thaws, it very rarely attains a greater depth 
than one foot, except upon the high lands ; and, not 
uirfrequently, the ground is quite bare for weeks in succes- 
sion. The local varieties of temperature are more observ- 
able in this season than in any other. In the northern and 
north-eastern parts of the province, the winters are ordi- 
narily colder, there is a more even temperature, and the 
snow remains more steadily upon the ground ; whilst in 
the south-western parts the weather is comparatively mild 
and wet, and the snow does not usually attain any depth. 
An impression very generally prevails among the inhabit- 
ants of the country, that the winters are gradually becom- 
ing milder, a fact — if it really is one — which is by some 
attributed to the removal of the forest and the extending 
cultivation of the soil. 

Spring may be considered to commence with April. 
Throughout this season, but more particularly during the 
months of April and May, the climate is still subject to 
frequent and sudden transitions of temperature. The 
season does not glide gradually from winter into summer ; 
it consists rather of a series of changes alternating between 
the two. Heavy frosts are rare, but there are frequent 
northerly and easterly winds which, having swept over 
the Gulf of St. Lawrence, where great masses of ice still 
float, and being often attended by light squalls of snow, 
render the air very chilly and give a wintry aspect to 
nature. The fogs for which Nova- Scotia has been somewhat 
unjustly celebrated, are, during spring, frequent on the 
Atlantic coast. They are confined, for the most part, to 
the coast line, scarcely ever extending any distance inland. 
In ordinary seasons, they finally disperse about June ; and, 

F 2 



68 NOVA-SCOTIA. 

during summer and autumn, fog is scarcely ever seen on 
the Nova-Scotia coast, except on the extreme south-western 
part — even there it is infrequent. Such a thing is scarcely 
known on the shores of the Gulf of St. Lawrence at any 
season of the year. Agricultural operations commence in 
April, and " seed time " continues through May. Owing 
to the rapidity with which vegetation proceeds when once 
fairly started, and to the fact that winter crops are rarely, 
or never, sown in Nova-Scotia, this is an extremely busy 
season in the farming districts. Spring — or rather the 
first two months, April and May — is considered the least 
healthy season of the year ; but June, when the mild wea- 
ther has become more steady, when the migratory birds, 
including many agreeable songsters, have all arrived, when 
the field and forest are in full bloom, presents spring such 
as the poet and painter love to describe it, and such as the 
most delicate invalid could not complain of. 

During the next three months, forming the Nova-Scotian 
summer, the weather is moderately warm, with no con- 
siderable fluctuations of temperature. Vegetation is very 
rapid. Wheat, oats, barley, rye, are found to ripen in 
ninety 4wo days in an average temperature of 52°.* Hay 
for the winter's fodder is made in July, and the harvest- 
ing of the grain crops commences in August. During 
September the nights begin to grow cool, and are some- 
times attended with light frosts. 

Autumn is usually a very agreeable season. The skies 
have the serenity of summer, yet the air is sufficiently 
cool to be bracing and quite exhilarating to the human 
system. The appearance of Nature is none the less ga} r 
from wearing the symptoms of decay ; and the forests, 
tinted by the frost with all the colours of the rainbow, 
present that gorgeous appearance which has long been 

* Gesner. " Industrial Resources of Nova-Scotia." 



NOVA-SCOTIA. 69 

remarked as one of the most attractive characteristics of 
American scenery. At such a season those forests, being 
stocked with an abundance and variety of game, are a 
paradise to the sportsman, who carries to the scene of his 
exciting amusement an ardent love of the beauties of 
Nature. Usually, but not every autumn, there occurs 
some time during this season, a continuance of from two 
or three days to as many weeks of peculiarly mild, 
calm, hazy weather, known as the " Indian summer/' 
Root crops are secured during the month of October, and 
the remainder of this season is generally employed in the 
agricultural districts in " clearing up " new land, and in 
preparing the ground for the reception of the seed in the 
following spring. December, although conventionally 
classed as a winter month, may in Nova-Scotia be, with 
much more propriety, regarded as a part of the season 
we are now describing. The weather usual during that 
month has more of an autumnal than a wintry character. 
The mean temperature of the first quarter of the year 
is 22° ; of the second, or spring, 49° ; of the three summer 
months, 62° ; and of the autumn, 35°."* 



CHAPTER IV. 

MANUFACTURES. 



As is but natural to be supposed of so new a country 
as Nova-Scotia, little progress has yet been made in manu- 
factures. Of course, in a country but recently settled, 
the facilities for carrying on manufactures are few, and 
the demand for manufactured articles comparatively small. 
The Nova-Scotian manufacturer has hitherto been almost 

* Dawson's "Handbook of Nova- Scotia." 



70 NOVA-SCOTIA. 

limited to the market of his own country ; and, owing to 
commercial regulations, he is virtually excluded even 
from the markets of the neighbouring British provinces. 
Hence it follows, that, in this branch of industry, 
operations are not carried on upon a large scale ; yet 
manufactures have^ for several years past increased in 
proportion to the general growth of the country. They 
consist largely of what are usually called domestic manu- 
factures — that is, of articles made in the rural districts 
by persons who do not devote their time exclusively to 
the business. 

There were, in 1851, but 10 steam-mills, or factories, 
in the province. There were also at that time 1,153 saw- 
mills, 398 grist-mills, 237 tanneries, 9 foundries, 81 
weaving and carding establishments, 17 breweries and 
distilleries, and 131 other factories — all upon a com- 
paratively small scale. There were scattered through 
the rural districts 11,096 hand-looms, from which were 
manufactured 119,698 yards of coarse woollen, or cotton 
and wool, cloth, afterwards fulled; 790,104 yards not 
fulled; and 219,352 yards of flannel. There were 78,076 
gallons of malt liquor, and 11,900 gallons of distilled 
liquor manufactured. The value of agricultural imple- 
ments manufactured was 16,640/. ; of chairs and cabinet 
work, 11,155/. ; of carriages, 9,491/. ; of other wooden 
ware, 19,233/.; of soap, 28,277/. ; and of candles, 21,210/. 
The manufacture of most of the above-named articles has 
very considerably increased since 1851 ; but the extent 
to which they are produced is very far from being com- 
mensurate with the consumption of the country. The 
number of vessels built in the province that year was 
486, with an aggregate tonnage of 57 t 776 tons. 

With so much good soil still uncultivated, and with 
such valuable fisheries upon its coasts, it is not probable 



NOVA-SCOTIA. 71 

that Nova-Scotia will very soon become celebrated as a 
manufacturing country. There seems no reason, however, 
why it should not become so in time — the probabilities 
point rather to an opposite result. The geographical 
position of the country in some degree favours such a 
supposition. The superior "water powers" for driving 
machinery to be found in all parts of the province — its 
numerous and valuable coal mines — inexhaustible deposits 
of iron and other mineral substances — would lead to the 
conclusion, that, at all events, when the price of labour is 
lowered by a large increase of population, manufacturing 
will be carried on upon an extensive scale. Indeed, there 
seems no reason to doubt that it might be profitably 
done even now in many articles for which the country 
affords the raw materials of an excellent quality, and at 
a comparatively small expense. Whatever may be the 
inducement to undertake manufacturing on a large scale, 
it is quite certain that the present wants of Nova-Scotia 
itself, and in articles not usually imported into the coun- 
try, hold out employment for a great many additional 
mechanics. That country is a good field, not only for 
labouring artisans, but for men who are desirous of 
investing a small capital in the prosecution of some 
mechanical art. There is an especial demand for all 
kinds of mechanics employed about either house or ship 
building ; but many other trades may be carried on with 
handsome profit by the industrious and skilful artisan. 



72 NOVA-SCOTIA. ' 

CHAPTER V. 

COMMERCE. 

The products which have hitherto formed the largest 
portion of the exports of Nova-Scotia, have been drawn 
from its forests and fisheries. Mineral substances, — par- 
ticularly coal and gypsum, — live stock, and agricultural 
produce, are also exported pretty largely. The exports 
under this latter head have increased very much within 
the last few years. The principal markets for these pro- 
ducts are Great Britain, the United States, and the West 
Indies. The principal export to Great Britain consists of 
timber, both as squared timber and sawed into deals, 
lumber, &c., and of ships built in the province. In return 
for these, there are imported from the United Kingdom 
manufactures of every description suited to the wants of 
the country. The West Indies have long been the prin- 
cipal market for the fish of Nova-Scotia, which receives in 
return produce the growth of those countries. To the 
United States are exported coal, gypsum, wood, fish, and 
agricultural and horticultural produce. The imports from 
that country consist principally of breadstuffs and of 
American manufactures, especially of a cheap description 
of furniture and cabinet-work, carriages, and agricultural 
implements. 

The general trade of Nova-Scotia being divided among 
various channels, and carried on in a large variety of 
products, with no very great preponderance of any one, 
it has not been liable to such great and sudden fluctuations 
as have been rather frequent in some neighbouring coun- 
tries. It has increased very steadily and in proportion 
to the general growth of the country. The following 



NOVA-SCOTIA. 



73 



statement, taken from official returns, shows the imports 
and exports of the province from 1851 to 1855 inclu- 
sive : — 



YEAR. 


IMPORTS. 


EXPORTS. 


1851 


£1,005,528 sterling. 


£708,462 sterling. 


1852 


1,194,175 „ 


970,780 „ 


1853 


1,417,086 


1,078,707 „ 


1854 


1,791,082 „ 


1,247,668 „ 


1855 


1,882,703 


1,466,215 „* 



This statement in itself shows that the trade of Nova- 
Scotia has about doubled in five years. To arrive at the 
correct value of the exports, some addition should be 
made to the above sums for under-valuation of some 
articles, and for the value of others of which no return 
has been made. Another very important addition to be 
made, is that of vessels built in the province and sent out 
of it for sale. No official returns show the amount of this 
item previous to 1853. The following table shows the 
extent to which ship-building has been carried on in the 
province for the last three years, and the amount of 
shipping exported for sale : — 



! 

Year. 


Number 
Vessels 
Built. 


Tonnage. 


j Number 

Value. .exported 

j for sale. 


Tonnage. 


Value. 


1853 
| 1854 
1 1855 


203 
244 
236 


34,376 
52,814 
40,469 


£315,418 Stg. 
509,319 „ 
448,142 „ 


86 
70 
53 


21,867 
21,125 
12,549 


£191,401 Stg. 
179,316 „ 
117,945 „* 



Thus it appears that the true exports of 1853, 1854, 

* According to returns made up since these tabular statements were 



74> NOVA-SCOTIA. 

and 1855, as nearly as they can be ascertained, reach 
the respective amounts of 1,270,308/., 1,426,984/., and 
1,584,160/. sterling. 

There seems every reason to suppose that the commerce 
of Nova-Scotia, rapidly as it has grown of late years, must 
continue to grow much more rapidly. By the " Recipro- 
city Treaty" between Great Britain and the United States, 
which went into operation in June 1854, and which has 
been already alluded to, all unmanufactured articles, the 
growth and produce of Nova-Scotia, of commercial import- 
ance, may be imported into the United States free of 
duty. The result of this is to cause a great stimulus to 
the export trade of Nova- Scotia, a result which is yet but 
scarcely commenced. Notwithstanding that, by one 
article in that treaty, United States fishermen are pri- 
vileged to pursue their calling upon the coasts and in the 
bays of Nova-Scotia, and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, it is 
believed that the Nova-Scotian fisherman will ever find a 
ready market for his fish in the United States. However 
this may be, there are other articles, the growth and 
produce of that province, which it is quite certain will 
ever find a ready sale in the United States, and at a fair 
profit to the producer. The decided superiority of Nova- 
Scotia with reference to its agricultural resources, its 
mines, or its forests, over the New England States, 
furnishes the best of reasons for such a conclusion. The 
proximity of the province to the market thus opened 
to its products, and the comparatively small cost of the 
transportation of those products to market, owing to 
the free water communication available for that pur- 
pose to every section of that province, add to the 

prepared, the imports, in 1856, amounted in value to £1,869,832 ; the 
exports, to £1,372,958 ; value of ships sent out of the province for 
sale, £126,890, making the total exports amount to £1,499,854. 



NOVA-SCOTIA. 75 

probabilities of a greatly enlarged trade between it and 
the United States. 

There is an equal probability of a great increase in the 
trade between Nova-Scotia and the neighbouring British 
provinces. Previous to 1850 but very little commercial 
intercourse existed between them. Since that time, 
owing mainly to an inter-provincial treaty, providing for 
an exchange of commodities, the growth, or natural 
products of the province whence exported, the trade be- 
tween them has considerably increased. Canada affords 
not a small market for the fish of Nova- Scotia. The latter 
country is richer in mineral resources than Canada, New 
Brunswick, or Prince Edward's Island, a fact which will 
itself, in all probability, lead to an active traffic between it 
and them. The principal import from Canada has been 
and will probably continue to be, breadstuffs. But that 
which is most especially calculated to increase the direct 
traffic between Nova-Scotia and the more important of 
these provinces, is the undoubted tendency of the trade 
between Canada, and, to some extent, New r Brunswick 
also, on the one hand, and the West Indies on the other, 
to pass through Nova-Scotia. Owing to causes which it is 
scarcely necessary here to trace out, Nova-Scotia will be the 
immediate source from which those neighbouring countries 
will mainly draw their supplies of West Indian produce. 

Without descending to particulars, the reader will per- 
ceive that from the geographical position and conformation 
of Nova-Scotia, already so frequently alluded to ; the num- 
ber and excellence of its harbours, its great facilities for ship- 
building, the tendency of these conditions combined with 
the excellent fisheries upon its coasts, to decide the occu- 
pation of a large proportion of its population ; it is more 
than probable that it must soon appropriate to itself a very 
large proportion of the carrying trade of North America. 



76 NOVA-SCOTIA. 



CONSIDERED SOCIALLY. 



CHAPTER I. 

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. 

The head of the Executive and Legislative bodies in 
Nova-Scotia is the Lieutenant-Governok, who is ap- 
pointed by the Crown. He is nominally subordinate to 
the Governor of Canada, who is " Governor-General of 
British North America." The Lieutenant-Governor is 
advised, in the discharge of his administrative and legis- 
lative duties, by an Executive Council, usually of nine 
members, appointed by the Crown and chosen from the 
Legislative Council and the House of Assembly. They 
are responsible to the people for the public acts of the 
Lieutenant-Governor. Five of the members of the 
Executive Council are, whilst occupying that position, 
Heads of Public Departments, or hold important offices of 
emolument in the province, viz., the Attorney- General, 
Solicitor-General, Provincial Secretary, Financial Secre- 
tary, and Receiver-General. 

The other legislative bodies are the Legislative Council, 
and the House of Assembly. 

The Legislative Council, or Upper House, consists, at 
the present time, of twenty-one members : they are 
appointed by the Crown, and hold their seats for life. 
The functions and privileges of this Council, as a legis- 



NOVA-SCOTIA. 77 

lative body, do not materially differ from those of the 
House of Lords. 

The House of Assembly — The provincial House of 
Commons — consists of fifty-three members, thirty of whom 
are elected by the counties, and the remainder by certain 
privileged representative townships. They are elected 
every four years. The right to vote at these elections 
extends to every male of twenty-one years of age, who is 
a natural-born, or naturalised, subject of the British 
Sovereign, and who has for one year just previous to the 
election been a resident of the county or township in which 
he votes. A residence of five years in the province is 
required where the elector is not a native of Nova-Scotia. 
The qualification of residence is in neither case required if 
the elector has, for six months preceding the election, been 
a freeholder of real estate, within the county or township 
where he votes, of the annual value of forty shillings. 
The elective franchise does not extend to Indians, unless 
they are freeholders, nor to paupers. The House of 
Assembly has the power of legislating upon all the in- 
ternal affairs of the province, and it conforms in its usages 
as nearly as possible to the House of Commons. 



JUDICIAL. 

The lowest order of courts for the trial of civil causes, 
in Nova-Scotia, are those of the Justices of the Peace. 
There is a large number of these officers in every county, 
and each of them has jurisdiction throughout the whole 
county in which he resides. One justice may adjudicate 
upon any matter in which the cause of action does not 
exceed three pounds \ where it is above this amount, but 
does not exceed ten pounds, two are required. They 
cannot adjudicate where the cause of action exceeds this 



78 NOVA-SCOTIA. 

latter amount. An appeal lies from the Justices' Courts 
to the Supreme Court. 

The General Sessions are held in each county annually, 
or semi-annually. They are assemblages of the County 
Justices and Grand Jurors, for the transaction of certain 
local business, being legislative rather than judicial bodies. 

The Probate Court is a County Court, presided over by 
a single judge, usually a barrister of some professional 
eminence. It has the custody of all wills ; and its 
function is to dispose of the estates of deceased persons. 
An appeal from its decisions may be had to the Supreme 
Court. 

The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in all civil 
suits where the cause of action is not less than five 
pounds ; and appellate jurisdiction where it is less than 
that. It is also the only criminal court in the province. 
This court is presided over by a Chief Justice and four 
Assistant Justices. The whole province is divided into 
four circuits ; and the sittings of the Supreme Court are 
held twice annually in each county. A Court of Chan- 
cery, which formerly existed in Nova-Scotia, has recently 
been abolished, and equity jurisdiction conferred upon the 
Supreme Court. 

The Court of Vice- Admiralty, which is unlike the 
English Admiralty Court in no respect, except its subor- 
dinate rank, is presided over by one judge. 

The Court of Marriage and Divorce, the nature and 
object of which are sufficiently explained by its name, is 
composed of the Lieutenant-Governor and Executive 
Council, assisted by one judge of the Supreme Court. 

The Governor and Council form a Court of Error, 
before which all suits may be brought, on appeal, where 
the amount of the judgment is not less than £300. A 
further appeal lies to Her Majesty in Council. 






NOVA-SCOTIA. 79 

CHAPTER II. 

EDUCATIONAL. 

The common schools of Nova-Scotia are supported in part 
by legislative grants of money, but principally by the 
voluntary payments of the people, or tuition fees of those 
educated in them. The annual grant of the Legislature 
for common schools, grammar schools, and county 
academies, now amounts to 16,868/. This sum is^appor- 
tioned among the different counties, and then subdivided 
among the various school districts in proportion to the 
amounts therein directly contributed by the people. In 
each county there is a board — in some instances two — 
of School Commissioners, whose duty it is to regulate the 
division of the county into school districts, apportion the 
Legislative grant among them, examine and license school 
teachers, furnish educational statistics, and superintend the 
interests of education generally within its own particular 
sphere. A normal and training school for teachers, 
founded by a provincial grant and to be supported by the 
province, was opened at Truro, the county town of 
Colchester, in the autumn of 1855. Highly beneficial 
results are expected to follow the opening of this institu- 
tion. There are but three teachers engaged in it at 
present ; but from the large number of applications from 
pupils desirous of qualifying themselves for common school 
teachers, it is believed that the school will have to be 
speedily enlarged. The Principal of the institution is 
also superintendent of education throughout the 
province. 

The common school educational system of Nova-Scotia 
is, at the present time, inferior to that of Canada West, 



SO NOVA-SCOTIA. 

and of some of the New England States ; yet it has 
recently made great advances in the way of improve^ 
merit, and there are reasonable grounds for anticipating 
that, in the course of a few years, it will be not inferior 
to any in America. The tuition obtainable at these 
common schools is so very cheap, and the provision made 
by the Legislature for paupers so ample in proportion to 
the numbers of that class, that the rudiments of an 
English education may be had by all who are really 
desirous of acquiring them. The improvements now sought 
to be introduced are for the purpose of elevating the 
character of the schools ; and of providing for their 
support in such a way that no man shall be permitted to 
plead poverty as an excuse for bringing up his children 
in ignorance. The first of these objects will be attained 
through the instrumentality of the Normal School already 
established. To attain the other, the plan of supporting 
schools free to all classes of children, by a taxation of the 
whole property of the country, has been in agitation for 
several years, and is now so favourably regarded by all of 
the more intelligent classes, that there is every probability 
of its soon becoming law. 

There are many facilities for obtaining education 
of a higher class. Grammar schools or academies, in which 
the classics and the higher branches of English education 
are taught, exist in nearly all the towns, or large villages 
of the province. There are also three chartered colleges 
in operation — King's College at Windsor, an Episcopalian 
institution, Acadia College, "Wolfville, Baptist ; and 
St. Mary's College, Halifax, Roman Catholic. Another 
Catholic educational institution of the higher class has 
recently been opened at Antigonish. Although these 
institutions are under denominational control, no religious 
tests are required of students on matriculation. The 



NOVA-SCOTIA. 81 

curriculum in each of these colleges, extending over four 
years, does not differ materially from that of the others. 
It usually comprises courses of instruction in the Latin and 
Greek languages, mathematics, logic, rhetoric, and moral 
and intellectual philosophy. In King's and Acadia 
Colleges, there are also theological departments having 
professorships of Hebrew and theology. The " Free 
Church College for the Lower Provinces of British North 
America " is located at Halifax, and affords a course of 
instruction similar to that of the other institutions just 
mentioned. Gorham College, Liverpool, Queen's County, 
under the control of the Congregational sect, was sud- 
denly interrupted in its operations in the year 1854, 
owing to the destruction of the college building by 
accidental fire. This serious damage has not yet been 
repaired. The Presbyterian church of Nova-Scotia has a 
Theological seminary, now at Durham, in Pictou County, 
but about to be removed to Truro. Dalhousie College, at 
Halifax, was incorporated in 1820 ; when a building was 
erected at the public expense, and a sum invested in the 
British three per-cents for the support of the institution. 
It has not, as yet, answered the expectations which were 
entertained concerning it. Twice has a staff of professors 
and teachers been appointed, and the institution been 
opened for the admission of students .; but all attempts to 
make the college of service to the country have resulted 
in failure. It has been quite recently opened a third 
time, with a new set of teachers, as a sort of City High 
School. 



82 NOVA-SCOTIA. 

CHAPTER III. 

POPULATION, RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 

The population of the province of Nova-Scotia amounted, 
in 1851, according to the census taken that year, to 
276,117 souls. It had increased, for the ten years 
preceding that time, more rapidly than that of the 
adjoining province of New Brunswick, or of the neigh- 
bouring States of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, or 
Connecticut, and at about the same rate as that of the 
State of New York. It is now probably not less 
than 330,000. 

No considerable portion of this population is collected 
together in towns. The population of the city of Halifax, 
in 1851, was 20,949. It may now be computed at not 
less than 25,000. This is the only city in the province ; 
and there are no other towns of any size, the bulk of the 
population being scattered over the country in agricultural 
settlements and fishing villages. The geographical con- 
formation of Nova-Scotia does not favour the growth 
of large towns. This is such that there is no place in the 
province distant more than thirty miles from a good 
shipping port ; and indeed there are but Tew points 
which' are not much nearer than that to several of the 
many excellent harbours which line the coast. This 
peculiarity is a great advantage to the country at large ; 
but it has a tendency to prevent any one place from 
advancing, with remarkable rapidity, in wealth and 
population. 

The distribution of this population, at the time the 
census was taken, was as follows : 



NOVA-J 


SCOTIA. 


Halifax . 


. 39,112 


Lunenburg 


. . 16,395 


Queen's . 


. 7,256 


Shelburne . 


. . 10,622 


Yarmouth 


. 13,142 


Digby 


. . 12,252 


Annapolis 


. 14,286 


King's 


. . 14,138 


Hants . 


. 14,330 


Cumberland 


... 14,339 


Colchester 


. 15,469 


Pictou 


. . 25,593 


Sydney . 


. 13,467 


Guysborough 


. . 10,838 


Inverness 


. 16,917 


Richmond . 


. . 10,381 


Cape Breton ) 
Victoria J 


. 27,580 



83 



The inhabitants of Nova-Scotia, as may naturally be sup- 
posed, are mostly of British origin ; but Richmond County, 
the eastern portion of Sydney County, the township of 
Clare in Digby County, and some large settlements in 
Yarmouth, are occupied almost exclusively by people of 
French descent ; whilst the population of Lunenburg 
is mostly descended from a body of German emigrants 
who first settled in that county. The townships of Earl- 
ton and New Annan, in Colchester, the counties of Pictou, 
Inverness, Victoria, and the larger portions of Sydney and 
Cape Breton, are settled by emigrants from the Highlands 
and Islands of Scotland and their descendants. The 
largest proportion of Irish is to be found in Halifax. In 
most other parts of the province, the population is of 
mixed origin. 

The numbers comprised in the various religious deno- 
minations in the province, as shown by the last census, 
are as follows : 

Roman Catholics .... 69,634 

Baptists 42,243 

Church of England . . . 36,482 

Presbyterian Church of Nova-Scotia 28,767 

a 2 



84 



NOVA-SCOTIA. 




Free Church .... 


25,280 


Methodists .... 


23,596 


Church of Scotland 


18,867 


Lutherans .... 


4,087 


Congregationalists . 


2,639 


Universalists .... 


580 


Quakers . . . . 


188 


Sandimanians .... 


101 


Other denominations 


3,791 



The whole number of churches in the province, at 
the same time, was 567 — equal to one for every 487 
inhabitants. 



CHAPTER IV. 



POSTAL AFFAIRS, ROADS, CANALS, AND OTHER 
PUBLIC WORKS. 



POST-OFFICE. 

Nova-Scotia is well provided with postal facilities ; and 
the post-office department being subject to the control of 
the provincial Legislature, these facilities are rapidly en- 
larged and extended as the wants of the country increase. 
A daily postal communication is kept up between Halifax 
and Yarmouth to the westward, Pictou to the eastward, 
and the principal intermediate places. Mails are received 
and despatched, at least three times per week, at all the 
most important villages and settlements in the province ; 
and there is no place which can properly be called a 
" settlement " which does not enjoy that advantage once, 
or twice, per week. Besides the overland mails which 
run between Nova-Scotia and the neighbouring provinces 
of New Brunswick and Canada and the United States, 
there is a direct communication with the latter country 



NOVA-SCOTIA. 85 

ever j fortnight, by means of the Cunard steamers ; and 
a more frequent regular communication is maintained, 
between various ports in Nova-Scotia and in the United 
States by several lines of steamers and sailing . packets. 
The mail communication with England direct is carried on 
through the Cunard steamers which, in their fortnightly 
trips each way between Boston and Liverpool, touch at 
Halifax. By branch steam packets belonging to the 
same company a fortnightly mail communication is kept 
up between Halifax and Newfoundland, and Halifax and 
Bermuda, from which latter place it is extended to the 
West Indies. 

According to the report of the Post-master General for 
the year ending 5th October, 1856, there were at the 
close of that year, in the province, 66 permanently esta- 
blished post-offices, 277 branch offices, or " way offices," 
and 3,879 miles of mail communication. There is now 
an established uniform rate of postage throughout the 
North American continental provinces ; and threepence, 
Halifax currency — the lowest rate — carries a letter of 
half an ounce in weight to any part of those provinces. 
Newspapers are transmitted free of postage. 



COMMON KOADS. 

The roads of Nova-Scotia compare favourably with those 
in the Northern States. The country being yet new, these 
means of communication are being rapidly extended 
every year. The cost of opening new roads is defrayed 
in part by legislative grant applied directly to that pur- 
pose, and in part by sums granted out of the treasury of 
the county in, or through, which the road is made. The 
County Treasuries contain the proceeds of a few inconsi- 
derable taxes levied and appropriated by the Court of 



86 NOVA-SCOTIA. 

Sessions. To these means of opening up new lines of 
road may also be added the voluntary aid of the people 
immediately interested, which is often contributed cheer- 
fully and with highly profitable results to themselves. 
Roads are kept in repair by means of legislative grants, 
and by a tax, payable in labour, but which may be com- 
muted for money, levied upon all able-bodied men between 
the ages of 16 and 60, according to a scale in which 
their ages, means, and some other circumstances are taken 
into consideration. Small county appropriations are 
sometimes made for the same purpose. The annual 
Legislative grant to the road and bridge service, has 
gradually increased in proportion to the increase in the 
revenues of the province. In 1856, it amounted to 
45,000/. Toll-bars are unknown on the roads of Nova- 
Scotia ; and there are but two or three bridges in the 
province, built by companies, at which tolls are taken 
from passengers. 

RAILROADS. 

Nova-Scotia has somewhat extensive works of this kind 
now in course of construction. It was determined by the 
Legislature, during the session of 1854, to commence, as a 
provincial work, certain lines of railway, to connect 
Halifax with the interior of the province. Provision has 
been made for procuring the necessary funds by the sale 
of provincial debentures in the English money market ; 
and the works were actually commenced in May, 1854. 
The lines, so far as already decided upon by the Board 
of Railway Commissioners, consist of a trunk-line to 
extend from Halifax to Truro, a distance of about 
sixty miles, together with two branches ; one extending 
westwardly to Windsor, about thirty-three miles in length ; 
the other, eastwardly to Pictou, a distance from the trunk, 



NOVA-SCOTIA. 87 

at Truro, of rather more than forty miles. But it is also 
expected that the trunk-line will be extended to the New 
Brunswick frontier — upwards of sixty miles beyond 
Truro — as soon as a similar work, to be constructed by 
that province, shall be brought up to the frontier ■ and 
New Brunswick is alreadj^ fully committed and actually 
engaged upon the work which is to cause this extension 
of the Nova-Scotian lines. 

Of the lines referred to above, there were, on the 1st of 
June, 1857, but ninety- two miles located and in course of 
construction or finished. This comprised a part of the 
trunk extending from Halifax to Truro, and the whole of 
the Windsor branch. Of this, twenty-two and a half 
miles only, upon the trunk, was completed and in 
operation. 

CANALS. 

There is not a finished canal in Nova-Scotia ; but there 
are two now in course of construction. As early as 1825, 
operations were commenced for connecting the harbour of 
Halifax with Cobequid Bay. by means of the waters of 
the Shubenacadie River, the Dartmouth Lakes, and the 
" Shubenacadie Canal. " These works were continued for 
some time, and at a pretty large expenditure of money, 
but were at length abandoned whilst still incomplete. A 
new company was incorporated, by Act of the Provin- 
cial Parliament, in 1853, to resume and complete the 
works thus commenced, with some modifications of the 
original plan. Early in the following year, operations upon 
the " Shubenacadie Canal " were recommenced. When 
completed, locomotion is to be aided upon this canal by 
means of a series of locks and two inclined planes, one of 
1,320 feet, and the other of 500 feet in length, to be 
worked upon by means of water-power machinery. There 



88 KOVA-SCOTIA. 

are to be eight locks only, each of which will be in length 
67 feet ; in breadth, 17 feet ; and to have 5 feet depth of 
water. They are intended to afford locomotion to boats 
of 100 tons burthen. 

The " St. Peter's Canal" was commenced in the autumn 
of 1854, as a provincial work. It is to connect the waters 
of St. Peter's Bay, on the Atlantic coast of the island of 
Cape Breton, with those of the Bras d'Or Lake ; and, when 
completed, will divide Cape Breton into two islands. This 
will be a work inconsiderable as to its- magnitude, but of 
great importance to the interests of the island of Cape 
Breton. It will open into the great Bras d'Or a safe and 
easy entrance, and one by which access to it will be 
sought much more frequently than through the natural 
outlet of that lake. The advantages expected to accrue 
from the completion of the work may be seen by a glance 
at a map of the country. The length of St. Peter's Canal 
will be only 2,300 feet; its breadth at water line, 50 feet; 
depth of water, 1 3 feet. It is intended to have one lock 
at the St. Peter's Bay termination, and a guard-gate at 
the Bras d'Or. The length of the lock will be 120 feet ; 
width of gates, 22 feet. These dimensions are expected 
to be sufficient to accommodate any coasting or fishing 
vessel frequenting the neighbouring waters. 

ELECTEIC TELEGEAPHS. 

Every county in Nova-Scotia is connected with the pro- 
vincial metropolis, and with the neighbouring provinces, 
and the United States, by lines of electric telegraph. 
Those within Nova-Scotia are owned and worked by the 
" Nova-Scotia Electric Telegraph Company." They extend 
over a distance of 1,124 miles ; and there are thirty-six 
telegraph offices in the province. The tolls for messages 
upon these lines are low, being at the rate of sixpence 



NOVA-SCOTIA. 89 

sterling per ten words, for distances not exceeding sixty 
miles, with proportionable increase for additional words 
and for greater distances. During the summer of 1856, 
the " New York, Newfoundland, and London Telegraph 
Company," succeeded in submerging a cable, by which 
the Nova-Scotian lines were put in connection with St. 
St. John's, in Newfoundland. In the Provincial Legis- 
lature, during the session of 1857, a bill was passed giving 
to the " Great Atlantic Telegraph Company ' ■ the exclusive 
right, for twenty-five years, to land upon the coast of 
Nova-Scotia a submarine cable, connecting that province 
with the British Islands. 



CONCLUSION. 



It is hoped that the foregoing remarks will be found 
sufficient to give a correct general knowledge of the 
resources of Nova-Scotia, and of the advantages which it 
offers to intending emigrants. When compared with 
a view to such advantages with the western states, Canada, 
New Brunswick, or any of the British Australasian provinces, 
there will be certainly no contrast presented unfavourable 
to Nova-Scotia. The latter country does not afford the 
same wide field for the settlement of emigrants which any 
of the others do ; although, as we have already seen, it 
contains large tracts of good unoccupied land. It cannot 
be said that, as a wheat-growing country, it is equal to 
Western Canada or the north-western States, which pro- 
bably rank as the first in the world in that respect. As 
a timber-producing cpuntry, it is inferior to New Bruns- 
wick, Canada, or the British American possessions on the 
coast of the Pacific Ocean. On the other hand, Nova- 
Scotia, considered with regard to its fisheries, or its mineral 



90 NOVA-SCOTIA. 

wealth, is undoubtedly superior to any of them. It is 
nearer, and more easy of access from Europe than any of 
those other new countries to which the tide of European 
emigration has hitherto principally directed its course. It 
is more conveniently situated for the purposes of trade, as 
a glance at the map of the world will show. Lands are 
generally cheaper there than in the neighbouring provinces 
or the United States. The climate of Nova-Scotia agrees 
much better with European constitutions than that of the 
celebrated wheat-growing sections of Canada and the 
United States. Leaving out of view all consideration of 
fisheries and mineral resources, doubtless each of the 
great emigration-fields of the world at the present day is, 
in some particulars, superior to Nova-Scotia; but when 
everything is taken into consideration, it is, at the very 
least, extremely doubtful if Nova-Scotia is inferior to any 
one of them. 

The author will not pretend to enter upon the subject, 
usually occupying so large a portion of works of this 
nature, of "Advice to Emigrants." In the case of a 
country so easy of access from Europe as Nova-Scotia is, 
it can only be necessary to give the intending emigrant 
every possible information concerning the character of 
the country itself : an ordinary amount of practical good 
sense will direct him how to get there, and to dispose of 
himself on his arrival. 

Much might be said, however, upon another point, 
which comes very naturally under notice in such a work 
as this ; that is, the great advantages, as a place of set- 
tlement, which Nova-Scotia, in common with the other 
provinces of British North America, holds out to persons 
of a wealthier class than is in the habit of emigrating, — 
at least to that part of the world ; persons living upon 
incomes scarcely sufficient to provide for all their neces- 



NOVA-SCOTIA. 91 

sities in most countries of the Old World, but which would 
be sufficient to maintain them with ease, and in compa- 
rative affluence, in British North America. To descant 
upon this branch of the subject with the fullness which it 
deserves, would swell this small work considerably beyond 
its limits as originally contemplated ; and it will, therefore, 
not be attempted at all. 



THE END. 



BRADBURY AND EVANS, PRINTERS, WUITEFRJARS- 



CATALOGUE 



OF 



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'18, 19. ARCHITECTURE (Principles of Design in) ; by E. L. Garbett, Architect, 

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25, 26. MASONRY AND STONE-CUTTING, Art of, by the same, with 

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edition Is. 

33. CONSTRUCTING CRANES, Art of, by J. Glynn, F.R.S., C.E. 2nd 

edition .Is. 

34. STEAM ENGINE, Treatise on the, by Dr. Lardner. 2nd edition. . . Is. 

35. BLASTING ROCKS AND QUARRYING, AND ON STONE, Art of, by 

Lieut-Gen. Sir J. Burgoyne, K. C. B., R. E. 2nd edition . . .Is. 

26. 37, 33, 39. DICTIONARY OF TERMS used by Architects, Builders, 

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40. GLASS-STAINING, Art of, by Dr. M.A. Gessert Is. 

41. PAINTING ON GLASS, Essay on, by E. 0. Fromberg .... Is. 

42. COTTAGE BUILDING, Treatise on. 2nd edition Is. 

43. TUBULAR AND GIRDER BRIDGES, and others, Treatise on, more 

particularly describing the Britannia and Conway Bridges, with Experi- 
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14. FOUNDATIONS, &c, Treatise on, by E.Dobson, C.E. 2nd edition . Is. 

45. LIMES, CEMENTS, MORTARS, CONCRETE, MASTICS, &c, Treatise 

on, by G. R. Burnell, C. E. 2nd edition . . . . *" . .Is. 

46. CONSTRUCTING AND REPAIRING COMMON ROADS, Treatise on 

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47. 48, 49. CONSTRUCTION AND ILLUMINATION OF LIGHTHOUSES, 

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50. LAW OF CONTRACTS FOR WOKKS AND SERVICES, Treatise on 

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54. MASTING, MAST-MAKING, AND RIGGING OF SHIPS, Treatise on, 

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55, 56. NAVIGATION, Treatise on : THE SAILOR'S SEA-BOOK.— How to 

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57, 58. WARMING AND VENTILATION, Treatise on the Principles of the 

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RUDIMENTARY WORKS. 

59. STEAM BOILERS, Treatise on, by R. Armstrong, C.E, . . . . L,-, 

60,61. LAND AND ENGINEERING SURVEYING, Treatise on, by T. BaKer, 

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63, 64, 65. AGRICULTURAL BUILDINGS, Treatise on the Construction of, 

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77*. ECONOMY OF FUEL, Treatise on, particularly with reference to Rever- 

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7 
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Law. 



10 



JOHN WEALE, 59, HIGH HOLBORN. 

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GREEK 

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.3. Xenophon. Anabasis, iv. v. vi. yH. 

4. Lucian. Select Dialogues. 

$. Homer. Iliad, i. to vi. 

6. Homer. Iliad, vii. to xii. 

"7. Homer. Iliad, xiii. to xviii. 

8. Homer. Iliad, xix. to xxiv. 

9. Homer. Odyssey, i. to vi. 

10. Homer. Odyssey, vii. to xii. 

11. Homer. Odyssey, xiii. to xviii. 

12. Homer. Odyssey, xix. to xxiv. ; 

and Hymns. 

13. Plato. Apology, Crito, and Phsedo. 

14. Herodotus, i. ii. 

15. Herodotus, iii. iv. 

16. Herodotus, v. vi. and part of vii. 

17. Herodotus. Remainder of vii. viii. 

and ix. 

18. Sophocles ; GEdipus Rex. 

19. Sophocles ; (Edipus Colonaeus. 

20. Sophocles ; Antigone. 

21. Sophocles; Ajax. 

22. Sophocles; Philoctetes. 

23. Euripides ; Hecuba. 



SERIES, 

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Persse. 

Sept em contra Thebas. 
Choephorse. 
Eumenides. 
Agamemnon. 
Supplices. 
Select Lives. 



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32. aeschylus. 

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35. iESGHYLUS. 

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38. Aristophanes. Clouds. 

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40. Aristophanes. Selections 

the remaining comedies. 

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42. Thucydides, ii. 

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11 

PRACTICAL SCIENCE. 

§a 



In one Volume large 8vo, with 13 Plates, Price One Guinea, 
in half-morocco binding, 



MATHEMATICS 



FOR 



PEACTICAL MEN: 



A COMMON-PLACE BOOK 



PURE AND MIXED MATHEMATICS 



EJ>, 



DESIGNED CHIEFLY FOR THE USE OF 



CIVIL ENGINEERS, ARCHITECTS, AND SURVEYORS. 



BY OLINTHUS GREGORY, LL.D., F.R.A.S. 



THIRD EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED, 
BY HENRY LAW, 



£- 



CIVIL ENGINEER. 

_ — — -— _& 



12 



PRACTICAL SCIENCE. 



R— 



ilATHEMATICS FOR PRACTICAL MEN 



CONTENTS. 



PART I.— PURE MATHEMATICS. 



CHAPTER I.— Arithmetic. 
Sect. 

1. Definitions and Notation. 

2. Addition of Whole Numbers. 

3. Subtraction of Whole Numbers. 

4. Multiplication of Whole Numbers. 

5. Division of Whole Numbers. — Proof of 

the first Four Rules of Arithmetic. 

6. Vulgar Fractions.— Reduction of Vul- 

gar Fractions. — Addition and Sub- 
traction of Vulgar Fractions. — Mul- 
tiplication and Division of Vulgar 
Fractions. 

7. Decimal Fractions. — Reduction of 

Decimals. — Addition and Subtrac- 
tion of Decimals. — Multiplication 
and Division of Decimals. 

8. Complex Fractions used in the Arts 

and Commerce. — Reduction.— Addi- 
tion. — Subtraction and Multiplica- 
tion. — Division. — Duodecimals. 

9. Powers and Roots. — Evolution. 

10. Proportion. — Rule of Three. — Deter- 

mination of Ratios. 

11. Logarithmic Arithmetic. — Use of the 

Tables. — Multiplication and Division 
by Logarithms. — Proportion, or the 
Rule of Three, by Logarithms. — 
Evolution and Involution by Log- 
arithms. 

12. Properties of Numbers. 



CHAPTER II.— Algebra. 

Definitions and Notation. 

Addition and Subtraction. 

Multiplication. 

Division. 

Involution. 

Evolution. 

Surds. — Reduction. — Addition, Sub- 
traction, and Multiplication. — Di- 
vision, Involution, and Evolution. 

Simple Equations. — Extermination. — 
Solution of General Problems. 



Sect. 
9. Quadratic Equations. 

10. Equations in General. 

11. Progression. — Arithmetical Progres- 

sion. — Geometrical Progression. 

1 2. Fractional and Negative Exponents. 

13. Logarithms. 

14. Computation of Formulae. 



CHAPTER III.— Geometry. 

1. Definitions. 

2. Of Angles, and Right Lines, and their 

Rectangles. 

3. Of Triangles. 

4. Of Quadrilaterals and Polygons. 

5. Of the Circle, and Inscribed and Cir- 

cumscribed Figures. 

6. Of Planes and Solids. 

7. Practical Geometry. 

CHAPTER IV.— Mensuration. 

1. Weights and Measures. — 1. Measures 

of Length. — 2. Measures of Surface. 
— 3. Measures of Solidity and Ca- 
pacity. — 4. Measures cf Weight. — 
5. Angular Measure. — 6. Measure of 
Time. — Comparison of English and 
French Weights and Measures. 

2. Mensuration of Superficies. 

3. Mensuration of Solids. 

CHAPTER V.— Trigonometry. 

1. Definitions and Trigonometrical For- 

mulae. 

2. Trigonometrical Tables. 

3. General Propositions. ! 

4. Solution of the Cases of Plane Trian- 1 

gles. — Right-angled Plane Triangles. 1 

5. On the application of Trigonometry j 

to Measuring Heights and Distances. ' 
— Determination of Heights and 
Distances by Approximate Mechani- 
cal Methods. j 



-S 



PRACTICAL SCIENCE. 



sa- 



MATHEMATICS FOR PRACTICAL MEN. 



CHAPTER VI.— Conic Sections. 

Sect. 
1. Definitions. 

Properties of the Ellipse. — Problems 

relating to the Ellipse. 
Properties of the Hyperbola. — Pro- 
blems relating to the Hyperbola. 
Properties of the Parabola. — Problems 
relating to the Parabola. 



2. 



3. 



CHAPTER VII.— Properties of 
Curves. 

Sect. 

1. Definitions. 

2. The Conchoid. 

3. The Cissoid. 

4. The Cycloid and Epicycloid. 

5. The Quadra trix. 

6. The Catenary.— Tables of Relations 

of Catenarian Curves. 



PART II.— MIXED MATHEMATICS. 



CHAPTER I. — Mechanics in General. 

CHAPTER II.— Statics. 

1. Statical Equilibrium. 

2. Center of Gravity. 

$. General application of the Principles 
of Statics to the Equilibrium of 
Structures. — Equilibrium of Piers 
or Abutments. — Pressure of Earth 
against Walls. — Thickness of Walls. 
— Equilibrium of Polygons. — Sta- 
bility of Arches, — Equilibrium of 
Suspension Bridges. 

CHAPTER III.— Dynamics. 

1. General Definitions. 

2. On the General Laws of Uniform and 

Variable Motion. — Motion uniformly 
Accelerated. — Motion of Bodies un- 
der the Action of Gravity — Motion 
over a fixed Pulley. — Motion on 
Inclined Planes. 

3. Motions about a fixed Center, or Axis. 

— Centers of Oscillation and Per- 
cussion. — Simple and Compound 
Pendulums. - Center of Gyration, 
and the Principles of Rotation. — 
Central Forces. — Inquiries connected 
with Rotation and Central Forces. 

4. Percussion or Collision of Bodies in 

Motion. 

5. On the Mechanical Powers. — Levers. 

— Wheel and Axle. — Pulley. — In- 
clined Plane. — Wedge and Screw. 



CHAPTER IV.— Hydrostatics. 

1. General Definitions. 

2. Pressure and Equilibrium of Non- j 

elastic Fluids. 

3. Floating Bodies. 

4. Specific Gravities. 

5. On Capillary Attraction. 

CHAPTER V.— Hydrodynamics. 

1. Motion and Effluence of Liquids. 

2. Motion of Water in Conduit Pipes 

and Open Canals, over Weirs, &c. — 
Velocities of Rivers. 

3. Contrivances to Measure the Velocity 

of Running Waters. 

CHAPTER VI.— Pneumatics. 

1. Weight and Equilibrium of Air and 

Elastic Fluids. 

2. Machines for Raising Water by the 

Pressure of the Atmosphere. 

3. Force of the Wind. 

CHAPTER VII.— Mechanical, Agents. 

1. Water as a Mechanical Agent.* 

2. Air as a Mechanical Agent. — Cou- 

lomb's Experiments. 

3. Mechanical Agents depending upon 

Heat. The Steam Engine. — Table 
of Pressure and Temperature of 
Steam. — General Description of the 
Mode of Action of the Steam Engine. 
— Theory of the Steam Engine. — 
Description of the various kin/ls cf 



14 



PRACTICAL SCIENCE. 



MATHEMATICS FOR PRACTICAL MEN. 



Sect 

Engines, and the Formulae for calcu- 
lating their Power. — Practical appli- 
cation of the foregoing Formulae. 
4. Animal Strength as a Mechanical Agent. 

CHAPTER VIII.— Strength op 
Materials. 

1. Results of Experiments, and Principles 

upon which they should be practically- 
applied. 

2. Strength of Materials to Resist Tensile 

and Crushing Strains. — Strength of 
Columns. 



Sect. 

3. Elasticity and Elongation of Bodies 

subjected to a Crushing or Tensile 
Strain. 

4. On the Strength of Materials subjected 

to a Transverse Strain. — Longi- 
tudinal form of Beam of uniform 
Strength. — Transverse Strength of 
othci Materials than Cast Iron. — 
The Sfcc?:gth of Beams according to 
the mannsi in which the Load is 
distributed. 

5. Elasticity of .lodies subjected to a 

Transverse Strain. 

6. Strength of Mateials to resist Torsion. 



I. 
II. 
III. 
IV. 
V. 
VI. 
VII. 

VIII. 

IX. 
" X. 

XI. 

XII. 

XIII. 

XIV. 

XV. 



APPENDIX 

Table of Logarithmic Differences. 

Table of Logarithms of Numbers, from 1 to 100. 

Table of Logarithms of Numbers, from 100 to 10,000. 

Table of Logarithmic Sines, Tangents, Secants, &c. 

Table of Useful Factors, extending to several places of Decimals. 

Table of various Useful Numbers, with their Logarithms. 

A Table of the Diameters, Areas, and Circumferences of Circles ana aiso the 

sides of Equal Squares. 
Table of the Relations of the Arc, Abscjssa, Ordinate and Subnormal, in the 

Catenary. 
Tables of the Lengths and Vibrations of Pendulums. 
Table of Specific Gravities. 

Table of Weight of Materials frequently employed in Construction. 
Principles of Chronometers. 
Select Mecbanical Expedients. 

Observations on the Effect of Old London Bridge on the Tides, &c. 
Professor Farish on Isometrical Perspective. 



Supplementary to the Rudimentary Series of 105 Volumes. 

Mr. Weale has to announce a very important addition to his useful and practical 
series of volumes ; viz., " The Practice op Embanking Lands prom the Sea, 
treated as a means of profitable Employment of Capital; with Examples and Particulars 
of actual Embankments, and also practical Remarks on the Repair of Old Sea Walls," 
by John Wiggins, F.G.S. — Double Volume, Price 2s. 



JOHN WEALE, 59, HIGH HOLBORN. 



■m 



15 
JOHN WEALE'S 



THE 

USE OF FIELD ARTILLERY ON SERVICE : 

With especial Reference to that of an ARMY-CORPS. For Officers of AH Arms. 
Taubert, Captain and Battery Commandant, 8th Regiment Prussian Artillery. 
Translated from the German by HENRY HAMILTON MAXWELL, 
First Lieutenant Bengal Artillery. 

With a vast military force in England aud in India, and with all the elements of 
military greatness, we are undoubtedly deficient in that higher professional know- 
ledge, without which true military vitality cannot effectually be maintained. In 
order to make this knowledge more accessible to the soldier and to the public at 
large, this Volume is charged on such terms that even the private, with his limited 
day's pay, may become a purchaser. 

Also it is a faithful and careful translation from the German, by Lieut. Henry 
Hamilton Maxwell, of the Bengal Artillery, of an important Prussian work 
on the management and service of artillery, which (although thicker than the 
ordinary Rudimentary Volumes) the publisher is, through the liberality of Mr. 
Maxwell, enabled to issue at the price of Is. 6d. 



USEFUL TO EXPERIMENTERS AND LECTURERS? 
A SYSTEM OF APPARATUS 

FCS TEB 

USE OF LECTURERS AND EXPERIMENTERS 

MECHANICAL PHILOSOPHY. 

BY THE REV. ROBERT WILLIS, F.R.S., 

Jacksonian Professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy in the 
University of Cambridge. 

*»• For Contents of Work see other side, 

WITH THBEB PLATES, CONTAINING FIFTY-ONE FIGURES, 
Prices*. 



16 



NEW LIST OF WORKS. 



CONTENTS 



ARTICLE 

1. Introductory Remarks. 

CHAP. I.— WHEELS AND STUD- 
SOCKETS. 

2. System consists of certain 

definite parts. 

3. Toothed-wheels and other re- 

volving pieces. 

4. Key -grooves. 

5. Stud-sockets and Collars (figs. 

8, 10, 12). 

Note.— Double Socket (fig. 

9). 

6. Stud-sockets of peculiar form 

(fig. 13). 

7. Stud-sockets of peculiar form 

fe 11). 

CHAP. II.— FEAME-WOPK PIECES. 

8. Frame-work. 

9. Advantages of Studa 

10. Brackets (figs. 1 to 6). 

11. Coach-bolts. 

, Note.— Clamps (fig. 7). 

12. Slit Tables (fig. 16). 

13. Sole-blocks (fig. 17). 

14. Beds (fig. 20). 

15. Rectangles (fig. 19). 

16. Examples of Frames. Base- 

board (fig. 18). 

17. Stools (figs. 23 to 26). 

18. Posts. 

19. Loops (fig. 22). 

20. Positions of the Stud3 and 

Brackets. 

21. Guide-pulleys. 

22. Tripod-stretcher. 



CHAP. III.— SHAFTS AND TUBE- 
FITTINGS. 

23. Mounting of Shafts. 

24. Shafts in carriages (figs, 35, 

36, 37). 

25. Shafts in Tube-fittings (firs. 

29, 39). 

26. Shaft-rings. 



ARTICLE 

27. Shafts between centre-screws. 

28. Adapters (fig. 33). 

29. Pinned Shaft-rings (fig. 30). 

30. Flanch (fig. 32). 

31. Lever Arm or Handle (fig. 34.) 

32. Sets of pieces in definite sizes. 

Note on Bolts. 

33. Short Shafts in single bearings, 

34. Example — Link-work (fig. 40). 

35. Other Mountings of short Shafts 

(fig. 21). 

36- Many independent pieces on 
a common axis. 

37. Example — Ferguson's Para- 
dox (fig. 41). 

33. Remarks. 

39, Recapitulations. 

Note on Professor Farish's 
method. 



CHAP. IV.— APPLICATIONS OF 
THE SYSTEM. 



40. 



System applied to four pur- 
poses (as follows) : 
1st, Elementary Combination* 

Example — 
Roemer's Wheels (fig. 42). 
2nd, Models of Machines. 

Examples — 
Repeating Clock (figs. 43, 44). 
Parallel Motion Curves (fig. 

45). 
Equatorial Clock (figs. 47to 50). 
Friction Machine (fig. 46). 
Models in which the general 

principles of th8 system arfl 

applicable. 
Looms. 

Rope-making Machinery. 
Organ. 
3rd, Fitting wp of Apparatus 

for Mechanical PkilosGphr 

(figs. 31, 27, 28). 
Use of Paste-board. 
Shears (fig. 51). 
4th, Trial of original coi '--i 

ranees. 



PUBLISHED BY MR. WEALE. 



ELEMENTS OF MECHANISM 



ELUCIDATING 



THE SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES 



THE PRACTICAL COESTRUCTIOH" OF MACHETES. 



USE OF SCHOOLS AND STUDENTS IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING. 



NUMEROUS SPECIMENS OF MODERN MACHINES, 
REMARKABLE FOR THEIR UTILITY AND INGENUITY. 

BY T. BAKER, C.E., 

Author of "Railway Engineering," "Land and Engineering Surveying," 

"Mensuration," "Principles and Practice of Statics and Dynamics." 

"Integration of Differentials, " &c. &c 

ILLUSTRATED BY TWO HUNDRED AND FOR1T-THREE ENGRAVINGS. 
Trice 2*. 



16 




5&90&&9i&^9 



RECENTLY CONSTRUCTED IMPORTANT PUBLIC "WORKS. 



Su£t guilts"!; etr, 

PAPERS 

AND 

PRACTICAL ILLUSTRATIONS 

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OF RECENT CONSTRUCTION, 

BOTH 

BRITISH AND AMERICAN. 



Jrttpplemmtarii ta $rgbtmt£ ^ufcluatton*. 

CONTENTS : 

1. Memoir of the Niagara Falls and International Suspension Bridge, by- 

John Roebling, C. E., of U. S. Twenty-two plates, comprising all 
the details for construction. 

2. Memoirs of the late Brigadier-General Sir Samuel Bentham, with an 

Account of his Inventions. 
■ 3. The Paddock Viaduct, by John Hawkshaw, F. R. S., C. E. Eight 
plates. 

4. Lockwood Viaduct, by John Hawkshaw, F. R. S., C. E. Four plates. 

5. Denby Dale Viaduct, by John Hawkshaw, F. R. S., C. E. Three plates. 

6. Tithebarn Street Viaduct, Liverpool, by John Hawkshaw, F. R. S., C. E. 

Three plates. 

7. Newark Dyke Bridge on the Great Northern Railway, by Joseph 

Cubitt, C. E. Ten plates. 

8. Mountain Top Track in the State of Virginia, by Charles Ellet, C. E., 

of U. S. 

9. Preliminaries to Good Building, by Edward Lacy Garbett, Architect. 
10. Suggestions for Increasing the Circulating Medium in Aid of Com- 
merce and Mechanical Enterprise. 

Reviews, Communications, &c, American and Home Correspondence. 




Fifty Engravings, price 25s. 

JOHN WE ALE. 

1857. 



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